Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions are highly variable in time, with high peak emissions lasting a few days to several weeks and low background emissions. This temporal variability is poorly understood which hampers the simulation of daily N₂O emissions. In structured soils, like clay and peat, aggregates hamper the diffusion of oxygen, which leads to anaerobic microsites in the soil, favourable for denitrification. Diffusion of N₂O out of the aggregates is also hampered, which leads to delayed emissions and increased reduction of N₂O to N₂. In this model simulation study we investigate the effect of aggregates in soils on the N₂O emissions. We present a parameterization to simulate the effects of aggregates on N₂O production by denitrification and on N₂O reduction. The parameterization is based on the mobile-immobile model concept. It was implemented in a field-scale hydrological-biogeochemical model combination. We compared the simulated fluxes with observed fluxes from a fertilized and drained peat soil under grass.

The results of this study show that aggregates strongly affect the simulated N₂O emissions: peak emissions are lower, whereas the background emissions are slightly higher. Including the effect of aggregates caused a 40% decrease in the simulated annual emissions relative to the simulations without accounting for the effects of aggregates. The new parameterization significantly improved the model performance regarding simulation of observed daily N₂O fluxes; r² and RMSE improved from 0.11 and 198 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ to 0.41 and 40 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. Our analyses of the model results show that aggregates have a larger impact on the reduction than on the production of N₂O. Reduction of N₂O is more sensitive to changes in the drivers than production of N₂O and is in that sense the key to understanding N₂O emissions from denitrification. The effects of changing environmental conditions on reduction of N₂O relative to N₂O production strongly depend on the NO₃ content of the soil. More anaerobic conditions have hardly any effect on the ratio of production to reduction if NO₃ is abundant, but will decrease this ratio if NO₃ is limiting. In the first case the emissions will increase, whereas in the second case the emissions will decrease. This study suggests that the current knowledge of the hydrological, biogeochemical and physical processes may be sufficient to understand the observed N₂O fluxes from a fertilized clayey peatland. Further research is needed to test how aggregates affect the N₂O fluxes from other soils or soils with different fertilization regimes.