Articles | Volume 8, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2507-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2507-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Sep 2011
Research article |
| 09 Sep 2011
Fate of mercury in tree litter during decomposition
A. K. Pokharel
Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, Nevada, USA
D. Obrist
Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, Nevada, USA
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Land Exchange
Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
Minor contributions of daytime monoterpenes are major contributors to atmospheric reactivity
Using atmospheric observations to quantify annual biogenic carbon dioxide fluxes on the Alaska North Slope
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part II: Modeling annual budgets
Growth and actual leaf temperature modulate CO2 responsiveness of monoterpene emissions from holm oak in opposite ways
Multi-year observations reveal a larger than expected autumn respiration signal across northeast Eurasia
Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere
Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses
Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest
CO2 and CH4 exchanges between moist moss tundra and atmosphere on Kapp Linné, Svalbard
Recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest: assessment of different precipitation and evapotranspiration datasets and drought indicators
Variability and uncertainty in flux-site-scale net ecosystem exchange simulations based on machine learning and remote sensing: a systematic evaluation
Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen to a Deciduous Forest in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Update of a biogeochemical model with process-based algorithms to predict ammonia volatilization from fertilized cultivated uplands and rice paddy fields
Massive warming-induced carbon loss from subalpine grassland soils in an altitudinal transplantation experiment
Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire
Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions for the United States
Changes of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flux site after an extensive windthrow
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Technical note: Incorporating expert domain knowledge into causal structure discovery workflows
Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information
A convolutional neural network for spatial downscaling of satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIFnet)
Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO2 level
Modeling the interinfluence of fertilizer-induced NH3 emission, nitrogen deposition, and aerosol radiative effects using modified CESM2
Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species
Radiation, soil water content, and temperature effects on carbon cycling in an alpine swamp meadow of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part I: Measuring temporal dynamics
Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle
Versatile soil gas concentration and isotope monitoring: optimization and integration of novel soil gas probes with online trace gas detection
On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes
Mercury accumulation in leaves of different plant types – the significance of tissue age and specific leaf area
Isolation of subpollen particles (SPPs) of birch: SPPs are potential carriers of ice nucleating macromolecules
Choosing an optimal β factor for relaxed eddy accumulation applications across vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces
Bioaerosols in the Amazon rain forest: temporal variations and vertical profiles of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation
Carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon balance of an agricultural grassland in southern Finland
Sun-induced fluorescence and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation track the seasonal dynamics of gross primary production over Africa
Measurement and modelling of the dynamics of NH3 surface–atmosphere exchange over the Amazonian rainforest
Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from alder, aspen and spruce short-rotation forest plantations in the United Kingdom
Winter atmospheric nutrient and pollutant deposition on Western Sayan Mountain lakes (Siberia)
Methane efflux from an American bison herd
Technical note: Inexpensive modification of Exetainers for the reliable storage of trace-level hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas samples
A climate-dependent global model of ammonia emissions from chicken farming
Calculating canopy stomatal conductance from eddy covariance measurements, in light of the energy budget closure problem
Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles
Variations in diurnal and seasonal net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a semiarid sandy grassland ecosystem in China's Horqin Sandy Land
Biogenic volatile organic compound ambient mixing ratios and emission rates in the Alaskan Arctic tundra
Surfaces of silver birch (Betula pendula) are sources of biological ice nuclei: in vivo and in situ investigations
Ideas and perspectives: enhancing the impact of the FLUXNET network of eddy covariance sites
Yi-Ying Chen and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones are typically assumed to be associated with ecosystem damage. This study challenges this assumption and suggests that instead of reducing leaf area, cyclones in East Asia may increase leaf area by alleviating water stress.
Deborah F. McGlynn, Graham Frazier, Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Biogeosciences, 20, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a custom-made gas chromatography flame ionization detector, 2 years of speciated hourly biogenic volatile organic compound data were collected in a forest in central Virginia. We identify diurnal and seasonal variability in the data, which is shown to impact atmospheric oxidant budgets. A comparison with emission models identified discrepancies with implications for model outcomes. We suggest increased monitoring of speciated biogenic volatile organic compounds to improve modeled results.
Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane
Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, Richard Kranenburg, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 5287–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we compared four methods for estimating the annual dry deposition of total reactive nitrogen into a low-polluted forest ecosystem. In our analysis, we used 2.5 years of flux measurements, an in situ modeling approach, a large-scale chemical transport model (CTM), and canopy budget models. Annual nitrogen dry deposition budgets ranged between 4.3 and 6.7 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on the applied method.
Michael Staudt, Juliane Daussy, Joseph Ingabire, and Nafissa Dehimeche
Biogeosciences, 19, 4945–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the short- and long-term effects of CO2 as a function of temperature on monoterpene emissions from holm oak. Similarly to isoprene, emissions decreased non-linearly with increasing CO2, with no differences among compounds and chemotypes. The CO2 response was modulated by actual leaf and growth temperature but not by growth CO2. Estimates of annual monoterpene release under double CO2 suggest that CO2 inhibition does not offset the increase in emissions due to expected warming.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Valery A. Isidorov and Andrej A. Zaitsev
Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a critical role in earth-system processes: they are
main playersin the formation of tropospheric O3 and secondary aerosols, which have a significant impact on climate, human health and crops. A complex mixture of VOCs, formed as a result of physicochemical and biological processes, is released into the atmosphere from the forest floor. This review presents data on the composition of VOCs and contribution of various processes to their emissions.
David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃.
Phillip Papastefanou, Christian S. Zang, Zlatan Angelov, Aline Anderson de Castro, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Luiz Felipe Campos De Rezende, Romina C. Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Anna A. Sörensson, Kirsten Thonicke, Carolina Vera, Nicolas Viovy, Celso Von Randow, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 19, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest has been hit by multiple severe drought events. In this study, we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010 and 2015/16 in the Amazon. Using nine different precipitation datasets and three drought indicators we find large differences in drought stress across the Amazon region. We conclude that future studies should use multiple rainfall datasets and drought indicators when estimating the impact of drought stress in the Amazon region.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Mingjuan Xie, Chen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuangang Wang, Xiuliang Yuan, Xiaofei Ma, Wenqiang Zhang, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 19, 3739–3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A number of studies have been conducted by using machine learning approaches to simulate carbon fluxes. We performed a meta-analysis of these net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulations. Random forests and support vector machines performed better than other algorithms. Models with larger timescales had a lower accuracy. For different plant functional types (PFTs), there were significant differences in the predictors used and their effects on model accuracy.
John Thomas Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy Ford Miniat
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-133, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition is 6.6 kg N ha-1 yr-1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region.
Siqi Li, Wei Zhang, Xunhua Zheng, Yong Li, Shenghui Han, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, and Chong Zhang
Biogeosciences, 19, 3001–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CNMM–DNDC model was modified to simulate ammonia volatilization (AV) from croplands. AV from cultivated uplands followed the first-order kinetics, which was jointly regulated by the factors of soil properties and meteorological conditions. AV simulation from rice paddy fields was improved by incorporating Jayaweera–Mikkelsen mechanisms. The modified model performed well in simulating the observed cumulative AV measured from 63 fertilization events in China.
Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2921–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Because soils are an important sink for greenhouse gasses, we subjected sub-alpine grassland to a six-level climate change treatment.
Two independent methods showed that at warming > 1.5 °C the grassland ecosystem lost ca. 14 % or ca. 1 kg C m−2 in 5 years.
This shrinking of the terrestrial C sink implies a substantial positive feedback to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
It is likely that this dramatic C loss is a transient effect before a new, climate-adjusted steady state is reached.
Johan A. Eckdahl, Jeppe A. Kristensen, and Daniel B. Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 2487–2506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study found climate to be a driving force for increasing per area emissions of greenhouse gases and removal of important nutrients from high-latitude forests due to wildfire. It used detailed direct measurements over a large area to uncover patterns and mechanisms of restructuring of forest carbon and nitrogen pools that are extrapolatable to larger regions. It also takes a step forward in filling gaps in global knowledge of northern forest response to climate-change-strengthened wildfires.
Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner
Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover.
Bruna R. F. Oliveira, Jan J. Keizer, and Thomas Foken
Biogeosciences, 19, 2235–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impacts of this windthrow on the aerodynamic characteristics of zero-plane displacement and roughness length and, ultimately, their implications for the turbulent fluxes. The turbulent fluxes were only affected to a minor degree by the windthrow, but the footprint area of the flux tower changed markedly so that the target area of the measurements had to be redetermined.
Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laila Melkas, Ivan Mammarella, Tuomo Nieminen, Suyog Chandramouli, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Biogeosciences, 19, 2095–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Causal structure discovery algorithms have been making headway into Earth system sciences, and they can be used to increase our understanding on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In this paper we present a procedure on how to utilize prior knowledge of the domain experts together with these algorithms in order to find more robust causal structure models. We also demonstrate how to avoid pitfalls such as over-fitting and concept drift during this process.
Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga
Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based.
Johannes Gensheimer, Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jia Chen
Biogeosciences, 19, 1777–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a convolutional neural network, named SIFnet, that increases the spatial resolution of SIF from TROPOMI by a factor of 10 to a spatial resolution of 0.005°. SIFnet utilizes coarse SIF observations, together with a broad range of high-resolution auxiliary data. The insights gained from interpretable machine learning techniques allow us to make quantitative claims about the relationships between SIF and other common parameters related to photosynthesis.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Junqi Wei, Xiaoyan Li, Lei Liu, Torben Røjle Christensen, Zhiyun Jiang, Yujun Ma, Xiuchen Wu, Hongyun Yao, and Efrén López-Blanco
Biogeosciences, 19, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although water availability has been linked to the response of ecosystem carbon (C) sink–source to climate warming, the mechanisms by which C uptake responds to soil moisture remain unclear. We explored how soil water and other environmental drivers modulate net C uptake in an alpine swamp meadow. Results reveal that nearly saturated soil conditions during warm seasons can help to maintain lower ecosystem respiration and therefore enhance the C sequestration capacity in this alpine swamp meadow.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 389–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluxes of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) over a low polluted forest were analyzed with regard to their temporal dynamics. Mostly deposition was observed with median fluxes ranging from −15 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1, corresponding to a range of deposition velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 cm s−1. While seasonally changing contributions of NH3 and NOx to the ∑Nr signal were found, we estimate an annual total N deposition (dry+wet) of 12.2 and 10.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 in the 2 years of observation.
Thomas M. Blattmann
Biogeosciences, 19, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2.
Juliana Gil-Loaiza, Joseph R. Roscioli, Joanne H. Shorter, Till H. M. Volkmann, Wei-Ren Ng, Jordan E. Krechmer, and Laura K. Meredith
Biogeosciences, 19, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a new diffusive soil probe integrated with high-resolution gas analyzers to measure soil gases in real time at a centimeter scale. Using columns with simple silica and soil, we captured changes in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with its isotopes to distinguish potential nutrient sources and microbial metabolism. This approach will advance the use of soil gases as important signals to understand and monitor soil fertility and health.
Yujie Wang and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 19, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling vegetation canopy is important in predicting whether the land remains a carbon sink to mitigate climate change in the near future. Vegetation canopy model complexity, however, impacts the model-predicted carbon and water fluxes as well as canopy fluorescence, even if the same suite of model inputs is used. Given the biases caused by canopy model complexity, we recommend not misusing parameters inverted using different models or assumptions.
Håkan Pleijel, Jenny Klingberg, Michelle Nerentorp, Malin C. Broberg, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, John Munthe, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 18, 6313–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a problematic metal in the environment. It is crucial to understand the Hg circulation in ecosystems. We explored the mercury concentration in foliage from a diverse set of plants, locations and sampling periods to study the accumulation of Hg in leaves–needles over time. Mercury was always higher in older tissue: in broadleaved trees, conifers and wheat. Specific leaf area, the leaf area per unit leaf mass, turned out to be critical for Hg accumulation in leaves–needles.
Julia Burkart, Jürgen Gratzl, Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, and Hinrich Grothe
Biogeosciences, 18, 5751–5765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extracts of birch pollen grains are known to be ice nucleation active and thus impact cloud formation and climate. In this study we develop an extraction method to separate subpollen particles from ice nucleating macromolecules. Our results thereby illustrate that ice nucleating macromolecules can be washed off the subpollen particles and that the ice activity is linked to the presence of proteins.
Teresa Vogl, Amy Hrdina, and Christoph K. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 5097–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The relaxed eddy accumulation technique is a method used for measuring fluxes of chemical species in the atmosphere. It relies on a proportionality factor, β, which can be determined using different methods. Also, different techniques for sampling can be used by only drawing air into the measurement system when vertical wind velocity exceeds a certain threshold. We compare different ways to obtain β and different threshold techniques to direct flux measurements for three different sites.
Maria Prass, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Paulo Artaxo, Florian Ditas, Wolfgang Elbert, Jan-David Förster, Marco Aurélio Franco, Isabella Hrabe de Angelis, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Thomas Klimach, Leslie Ann Kremper, Eckhard Thines, David Walter, Jens Weber, Bettina Weber, Bernhard M. Fuchs, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Biogeosciences, 18, 4873–4887, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bioaerosols in the atmosphere over the Amazon rain forest were analyzed by molecular biological staining and microscopy. Eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal aerosols were quantified in time series and altitude profiles which exhibited clear differences in number concentrations and vertical distributions. Our results provide insights into the sources and dispersion of different Amazonian bioaerosol types as a basis for a better understanding of biosphere–atmosphere interactions.
Michael P. Adams, Nina S. Atanasova, Svetlana Sofieva, Janne Ravantti, Aino Heikkinen, Zoé Brasseur, Jonathan Duplissy, Dennis H. Bamford, and Benjamin J. Murray
Biogeosciences, 18, 4431–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice in clouds is critically important for the planet's climate. Hence, we need to know which aerosol types nucleate ice and how effectively they do so. Here we show that virus particles, with a range of architectures, nucleate ice when immersed in supercooled water. However, we also show that they only make a minor contribution to the ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial atmosphere, but we cannot rule them out as being important in the marine environment.
Laura Heimsch, Annalea Lohila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Jussi Heinonsalo, Olli Nevalainen, Mika Korkiakoski, Jari Liski, Tuomas Laurila, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 18, 3467–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured at a newly established eddy covariance site in southern Finland for 2 years from 2018 to 2020. This agricultural grassland site focuses on the conversion from intensive towards more sustainable agricultural management. The first summer experienced prolonged dry periods, and notably larger fluxes were observed in the second summer. The field acted as a net carbon sink during both study years.
Anteneh Getachew Mengistu, Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Gerbrand Koren, Maurits L. Kooreman, K. Folkert Boersma, Torbern Tagesson, Jonas Ardö, Yann Nouvellon, and Wouter Peters
Biogeosciences, 18, 2843–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assess the usefulness of Sun-Induced Fluorescence of Terrestrial Ecosystems Retrieval (SIFTER) data from the GOME-2A instrument and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) from MODIS to capture the seasonality and magnitudes of gross primary production (GPP) derived from six eddy-covariance flux towers in Africa in the overlap years between 2007–2014. We also test the robustness of sun-induced fluoresence and NIRv to compare the seasonality of GPP for the major biomes.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Mathew R. Heal, Matthias Sörgel, Paulo Artaxo, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Biogeosciences, 18, 2809–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of the gas ammonia between the atmosphere and the surface is an important biogeochemical process, but little is known of this exchange for certain ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest. This study took measurements of ammonia exchange over an Amazon rainforest site and subsequently modelled the observed deposition and emission patterns. We observed emissions of ammonia from the rainforest, which can be simulated accurately by using a canopy resistance modelling approach.
Gemma Purser, Julia Drewer, Mathew R. Heal, Robert A. S. Sircus, Lara K. Dunn, and James I. L. Morison
Biogeosciences, 18, 2487–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Short-rotation forest plantations could help reduce greenhouse gases but can emit biogenic volatile organic compounds. Emissions were measured at a plantation trial in Scotland. Standardised emissions of isoprene from foliage were higher from hybrid aspen than from Sitka spruce and low from Italian alder. Emissions of total monoterpene were lower. The forest floor was only a small source. Model estimates suggest an SRF expansion of 0.7 Mha could increase total UK emissions between < 1 %–35 %.
Daniel Diaz-de-Quijano, Aleksander Vladimirovich Ageev, Elena Anatolevna Ivanova, and Olesia Valerevna Anishchenko
Biogeosciences, 18, 1601–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1601-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1601-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Winter atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) depositions were measured for the first time in the Western Sayan Mountains (Siberia). The low and very low atmospheric N and P depositions could be responsible for the observed lake phytoplankton N–P colimitation. We hypothesize that slight imbalances in the nutrient deposition, as expected in the context of global change (climate, forest fires and anthropogenic nitrogen emissions), could have important effects on the ecology of these lakes.
Paul C. Stoy, Adam A. Cook, John E. Dore, Natascha Kljun, William Kleindl, E. N. Jack Brookshire, and Tobias Gerken
Biogeosciences, 18, 961–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-961-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-961-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The reintroduction of American bison creates multiple environmental benefits. Ruminants like bison also emit methane – a potent greenhouse gas – to the atmosphere, which has not been measured to date in a field setting. We measured methane efflux from an American bison herd during winter using eddy covariance. Automated cameras were used to approximate their location to calculate per-animal flux. From the measurements, bison do not emit more methane than the cattle they often replace.
Philipp A. Nauer, Eleonora Chiri, Thanavit Jirapanjawat, Chris Greening, and Perran L. M. Cook
Biogeosciences, 18, 729–737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-729-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-729-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are atmospheric trace gases cycled via microbial metabolisms. We observed strong H2 and CO contamination from rubber septa used to seal common gas sample storage vials. Here we propose a simple and inexpensive modification of such vials to allow reliable storage of H2, CO and methane trace-gas samples for timescales of weeks to months, thus enabling extensive field campaigns to investigate H2 and CO biogeochemistry in remote areas.
Jize Jiang, David S. Stevenson, Aimable Uwizeye, Giuseppe Tempio, and Mark A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 18, 135–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia is a key water and air pollutant and impacts human health and climate change. Ammonia emissions mainly originate from agriculture. We find that chicken agriculture contributes to large ammonia emissions, especially in hot and wet regions. These emissions can be greatly affected by the local environment, i.e. temperature and humidity, and also by human management. We develop a model that suggests ammonia emissions from chicken farming are likely to increase under a warming climate.
Richard Wehr and Scott R. Saleska
Biogeosciences, 18, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-13-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-13-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water and carbon exchange between plants and the atmosphere is governed by stomata: adjustable pores in the surfaces of leaves. The combined gas conductance of all the stomata in a canopy has long been estimated using an equation that is shown here to be systematically incorrect because it relies on measurements that are generally inadequate. An alternative approach is shown to be more accurate in all probable scenarios and to imply different responses of stomatal conductance to the environment.
Bart Schilperoort, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Christiaan van der Tol, Bas van de Wiel, and Hubert Savenije
Biogeosciences, 17, 6423–6439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6423-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With distributed temperature sensing (DTS) we measured a vertical temperature profile in a forest, from the forest floor to above the treetops. Using this temperature profile we can see which parts of the forest canopy are colder (thus more dense) or warmer (and less dense) and study the effect this has on the suppression of turbulent mixing. This can be used to improve our knowledge of the interaction between the atmosphere and forests and improve carbon dioxide flux measurements over forests.
Yayi Niu, Yuqiang Li, Hanbo Yun, Xuyang Wang, Xiangwen Gong, Yulong Duan, and Jing Liu
Biogeosciences, 17, 6309–6326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report the results from continuous year-round CO2 observations from a sandy grassland in the Horqin Sandy Land using the eddy covariance technique. To quantify the diurnal, seasonal, and annual variation in net ecosystem CO2 exchange, gross primary productivity, and ecosystem respiration and to identify the different scales of environmental factors and the underlying mechanisms, we also explored how the annual precipitation affects the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components.
Hélène Angot, Katelyn McErlean, Lu Hu, Dylan B. Millet, Jacques Hueber, Kaixin Cui, Jacob Moss, Catherine Wielgasz, Tyler Milligan, Damien Ketcherside, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, and Detlev Helmig
Biogeosciences, 17, 6219–6236, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6219-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6219-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) ambient levels and emission rates from key vegetation species in the Alaskan arctic tundra, providing a new data set to further constrain isoprene chemistry under low NOx conditions in models. We add to the growing body of evidence that climate-induced changes in the vegetation composition will significantly affect the BVOC emission potential of the tundra, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks.
Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, Laura Felgitsch, Julian Vlasich, Florian Reyzek, David G. Schmale III, and Hinrich Grothe
Biogeosciences, 17, 5655–5667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5655-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5655-2020, 2020
Dario Papale
Biogeosciences, 17, 5587–5598, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
FLUXNET is a large, bottom-up, self-coordinated network of sites. It provided ecosystem–atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes from stations around the world that were used as bases for a large number of publications and studies. Today many applications require recent updates on the data to track more closely the ecosystem responses to climate change and link ground data with satellite programs. For this reason, a new organization of FLUXNET is needed, keeping as its target the FAIR principles.
Cited articles
Aastrup, M., Johnson, J., Bringmark, E., Bringmakr, I., and Iverfeldt, A.: Occurence and transport of mercury within a small catchment area, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 155–167, 1991.
Allard, B. and Arsenie, I.: Abiotic reduction of mercury by humic substances in aquatic system – an important process for the mercury cycle, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 457–464, 1991.
Austin, A. T. and Vivanco, L.: Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation, Nature, 442, 555–558, 2006.
Bryant, D. M., Holland, E. A., Seastedt, T. R., and Walker, M. D.: Analysis of litter decomposition in an alpine tundra, Can. J. Bot., 76, 1295–1304, 1998.
Carpi, A. and Lindberg, S. E.: Sunlight-mediated emission of elemental mercury from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2085–2091, 1997.
Côté, L., Brown, S., Pare, D., Fyles, J., and Bauhus, J.: Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in relation to stand type, stand age and soil texture in the boreal mixedwood, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 1079–1090, 2000.
Couteaux, M. M., Bottner, P., and Berg, B.: Litter decomposition, climate and litter quality, Trends Ecol. Evol., 12, 63–66, 1995.
Demers, J. D., Driscoll, T. C., Timothy, J. F., and Joseph, B. Y.: Mercury cycling in litter and soil in different forest types in the Adirondack region, New York, Ecol. Appl., 17, 1341–1351, 2007.
Driscoll, C. T., Blette, V., Yan, C., Schofield, C. L., Munson, R., and Holsapple, J.: The role of dissolved Organic Carbon in the chemistry and bioavailability of mercury in remote Adirondack lakes, Water Air Soil Poll., 80, 499–508, 1995.
Driscoll, C. T., Han, Y.-J., Chen, C. Y., Evers, D. C., Lambert, K. F., Holsen, T. M., Kamman, N. C., and Munson, R. K.: Mercury contamination in forest and freshwater ecosystems in the Northeastern United States, Bioscience, 57, 17–28, 2007.
Engle, M., Gustin, M. S., and Zhang, H.: Quantifying natural source mercury emissions from the Ivanhoe mining district, North-Central Nevada, USA, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3987–3997, 2001.
Ericksen, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Foliar exchange of mercury as a function of soil and air mercury concentrations, Sci. Total Environ., 324, 271–279, 2004.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Schorran, D. E., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., and Coleman, J. S.: Accumulation of atmospheric mercury in forest foliage, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1613–1622, 2003.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., Olund, S. D., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Assessing the potential for re-emission of mercury deposited in precipitation from arid soils using a stable isotope, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8001–8007, 2005.
Finzi, A. C., Van Breemen, N., and Canham, C. D.: Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests: species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen, Ecol. Appl., 8, 440–446, 1998.
Fitzgerald, W. F., Engstrom, D. R., Mason, R. P., and Nater, E. A.: The case for atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1–7, 1998.
Frescholtz, T. F., Gustin, M. S., Schorran, D. E., and Fernandez, G. C. J.: Environmental toxicology – assessing the source of mercury in foliar tissue of quaking aspen, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2114–2119, 2003.
Friedli, H. R., Radke, L. F., Payne, N. J., McRae, D. J., Lynham, T. J., and Blake, T. W.: Mercury in vegetation and organic soil at an upland boreal forest site in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, Geophys. Res., 112, G01004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000061, 2007.
Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., and Alewell, C.: Evidence of microbial control of Hg0 emissions from uncontaminated terrestrial soils, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 171, 200–209, 2008a.
Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., Zeeman, M. J., Conen, F., Wugster, W., and Alewell, C.: Elemental mercury fluxes over a sub-alpine grassland with two micrometeorological methods, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2922–2933, 2008b.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Zhu, W., Rothenberg, S., Yao, H., and Zhang, H.: Elevated atmospheric deposition and dynamics of mercury in a remote upland forest of southwestern China, Environ. Pollut., 158, 2324–2333, 2010.
Graydon, J., St. Louis, V., Hintelmann, H., Lindberg, S., Sandilands, K., Rudd, J., Kelly, C., Hall, B., and Mowat, L.: Long-Term Wet and Dry Deposition of Total and Methyl Mercury in the Remote Boreal Ecoregion of Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8345–8351, 2008.
Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Hintelmann, H., Lindberg, S. E., Sandilands, K. A., Rudd, J. W. M., Kelly, C. A., Tate, M. T., Krabbenhoft, D. P., and Lehnherr, I.: Investigation of uptake and retention of atmospheric Hg (II) by boreal forest plants using stable Hg isotopes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4960–4966, 2009.
Grigal, D. F.: Inputs and outputs of mercury from terrestrial watersheds: a review, Environ. Rev., 10, 1–39, 2002.
Grigal, D. F.: Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: a review, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 393–405, 2003.
Grigal, D. F., Kolka, R. K., Fleck, J. A., and Nater, E. A.: Mercury budget of an upland-peatland watershed, Biogeochemistry, 50, 95–109, 2000.
Grondin, A., Lucotte, M., Mucci, A., and Fortin, B.: Mercury and lead profiles and burdens in soils of Quebec (Canada) before and after flooding, Can. J. Fish. Aqat. Sci., 52, 2493–2506, 2005.
Gustin, M. S., Taylor, G. E., and Maxey, R. A.: Effect of temperature and air movement on the flux of elemental mercury from substrate to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 3891–3898, 1997.
Hall, B. D. and St. Louis, V. L.: Methylmercury and total mercury in plant litter decomposing in upland forests and flooded landscapes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5010–5021, 2004.
Hanson, P. J., Lindberg, S. E., Tabberer, T. A., Owens, J. G., and Kim, K. H.: Foliar exchange of mercury vapor : evidence for a compensation point, Water Air Soil Poll., 80, 373–382, 1995.
Harris, R. C., Rudd, J. W. M., Amyot, M., Babiarz, C., Beaty, K. G., Blanchfield, P. J., Bodaly, R. A., Branfireun, B. A., Gilmour, C. C., Graydon, J. A., Heyes, A., Hintelmann, H., Hurley, J. P., Kelly, C. A., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Lindberg, S. E., Mason, R. P., Paterson, M. J., Podemski, C. L., Robinson, A., Sandilands, K. A., Southworth, G. R., St. Louis, V. L., and Tate, M. T.: Whole-ecosystem study shows rapid fish-mercury response to changes in mercury deposition, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 16586–16591, 2007.
Heyes, A., Moore, T. R., and Rudd, J. W. M.: Mercury and methylmercury in decomposing vegetation of a pristine and impounded wetland, J. Environ. Qual., 27, 591–599, 1998.
Hintelmann, H., Harris, R., Heyes, A., Hurley, J., Kelly, C., Krabbenhoft, D., Lindberg, S., Rudd, J., Scott, K., and St Louis, V. L.: Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a Boreal Forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5034–5040, 2002.
Horner, D. J., Gosz, J. R., and Cates, R. G.: The role of carbon-based plant secondary metabolites in decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, Am. Nat., 132, 869–883, 1988.
Iverfeldt, A.: Mercury in forest canopy throughfall water and its relation to atmospheric deposition, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 553–564, 1991.
Johansson, K. and Iverfeldt, Å.: The relation between mercury content in soil and transport of mercury from small catchments in Sweden, in: Mercury Pollution: Integration and Synthesis, edited by: Watras, C. J. and Huckabee, J. W., Lewis publishers, Monterey, California, USA, 323–328, 1994.
Joslin, J. D.: Regional differences in mercury levels in aquatic ecosystems: a discussion of possible causal factors with implications for the Tennessee River system and the Northern Hemisphere, Environ. Manage., 18, 559–567, 1994.
Kaneko, N. and Salamanca, E.: Mixed leaf litter effects on decomposition rates and soil microarthropod communities in an oak-pine stand in Japan, Ecol. Res., 14, 131–138, 1999.
Kolka, R. K., Grigal, D. F., Verry, E. S., and Nater, E. A.: Mercury and organic carbon relationships in streams draining forested upland/peatland watersheds, J. Environ. Qual., 28, 766–775, 1999.
Kuiken, T., Gustin, M. S., Zhang, H., Lindberg, S. E., and Sedinge, B.: Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA, Part II: Air/surface exchange of mercury within forests from South Carolina to New England, Appl. Geochem., 23, 356–368, 2008a.
Kuiken, T., Zhang, H., Gustin, M. S., and Lindberg, S.: Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaced in the eastern USA, Part I: Air/surface exchange of mercury within a southeastern deciduous forest (Tennessee) over one year, Appl. Geochem., 23, 345–355, 2008b.
Lee, Y. H., Bishop, K. H., Munthe, J., Iverfeldt, Å., Verta, M., Parkman, H., and Hultberg, H.: An examination of current Hg deposition and export in Fenno-Scandinavian catchments, Biogeochemistry, 40, 125–135, 1998.
Lindberg, S. E.: Forest and the global biogeochemical cycle of mercury: the importance of understanding air/vegetation exchange processes, in: Global and Regional Mercury Cycles: Sources, Fluxes and Mass Balances NATOASI Series 21, edited by: Baeyens, W., Ebinghaus, R., and Vasilie, O., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 359–380, 1996.
Lindberg, S. E. and Harris, R. C.: Mercury enrichment in estuarine plant detritus, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 5, 93–95, 1974.
Lindberg, S. E., Hanson, P. J., Meyers, T. P., and Kim, K. H.: Atmosphere-surface exchange of mercury in a forest: results of modeling and gradient approaches, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 2519–2528, 1992.
Lorey, P. and Driscoll, C. T.: Historical trends of mercury deposition in Adirondack lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 718–722, 1999.
Lyman, S. N., Gustin, M. S., Prestbo, E. M., and Marsik, F. J.: Estimation of dry deposition of atmospheric mercury in Nevada by direct and indirect methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1970–1976, 2007.
Mason, R. P. and Sheu, G. R.: Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1093, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001440, 2002.
Meili, M.: The coupling of mercury and organic matter in the biogeochemical cycle – towards a mechanistic model for the boreal forest zone, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 333–347, 1991.
Millhollen, A. G., Gustin, M. S., and Obrist, D.: Mercury accumulation in grass and forb species as a function of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and mercury exposures in air and soil, Chemosphere, 65, 889–897, 2006a.
Millhollen, A. G., Obrist, D., and Gustin, M. S.: Foliar mercury accumulation and exchange for three tree species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6001–6006, 2006b.
Mierle, G.: Aqueous inputs of mercury to Precambrian shield lakes in Ontario, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 9, 843–851, 1990.
Mierle, G. and Ingram, R.: The role of humic substances in the mobilization of mercury from watersheds, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 349–357, 1991.
Moore, T. R., Trofymow, J. W., Taylor, B., Prescott, C., Camire, C., Duschene, L., Fyles, J., Kozak, L.,Kranavetter, M., Morrison, I., Siltanesn, M., Smith, S., Titus, B., Visser, S., Wein, R., and Zoltai, S.: Litter decomposition rates in Canadian forests, Glob. Change Biol., 5, 75–82, 1999.
Munthe, J., Lee, Y. H., Hultberg, H., and Iverfeldt, Å., Borg, G. Ch., and Andersson, I.: Cycling of mercury and methylmercury in the Gårdsjön Catchements, in: Experimental Reversal of Acid Rain Effects, The Gårdsjön Roof Project, edited by: Hultberg, H. and Skeffington, R., John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 261–276, 1998.
National Atmospheric Deposition Program: Mercury Deposition Program (NADP), available at: http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/mdn/, last access: 11 January 2011, 2009.
Nater, E. A. and Grigal, D. F.: Regional trends in mercury distribution across the Great Lakes states, North Central USA, Nature, 358, 139–141, 1992.
Obrist, D.: Atmospheric mercury pollution due to losses of carbon pools?, Biogeochemistry, 85, 119–123, 2007.
Obrist, D., Conen, F., Vogt, R., Siegwolf, R., and Alewell, C.: Estimation of Hg0 exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere using 222Rn and Hg0 concentration changes in the stable nocturnal boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 40, 856–866, 2006.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Lindberg, S. E.: Mercury concentrations and pools in four Sierra Nevada forest sites, and relationships to organic carbon and nitrogen, Biogeosciences, 6, 765–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-765-2009, 2009.
Obrist, D., Faïn, X., and Berger, C.: Relationships between gaseous elemental mercury emissions and CO2 respiration rates in terrestrial soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 1691–1700, 2010.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. W., Luo, Y., Hararuk, O., Bracho, R., Battles, J. J., Dail, D. B., Edmonds, R. L., Monson, R. K., Ollinger, S. V., Pallardy, S. G., Pregitzer, K. S., and Todd, D. E: Mercury distribution across 14 U.S. forests, Part I: Spatial patterns of total Hg concentrations in biomass, litter, and soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3974–3981, 2011.
Paul, E. A. and Clark, F. E.: Soil microbiology and biochemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, ISBN 0125468059, 1989.
Poissant, L. and Casimir, A.: Water-air and soil-air exchange rate of total gaseous mercury measured at background sites, Atmos. Environ., 32, 883–893, 1998.
Prescott, C. E., Zabek, L. M., Staley, C. L., and Kabzems, R.: Decomposition of broad leaf and needle litter in forests of British Columbia: influences of litter type, forest type, and litter mixtures, Can. J. Forest Res., 30, 1742–1750, 2000.
Rea, A. W., Lindberg, S. E., and Keeler, G. J.: Assessment of dry deposition and foliar leaching of mercury and selected trace elements based on washed foliar and surrogate surfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2418–2425, 2000.
Rea, A. W., Lindberg, S. E., Scherbatskoy, T., and Keeler, G. J.: Mercury accumulation in foliage over time in two northern mixed hardwood forests, Water Air Soil Poll., 133, 49–67, 2002.
Rogers, R. D. and McFarlane, J. C.: Factors influencing the volatilization of mercury from soil, J. Environ. Qual., 8, 255–260, 1979.
Rutter, A. P., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Creswell, J. E., Olson, M. R., Robinson, M., Collins, R. M., Parman, A. M., Katzman, T. L., and Mallek, J. L.: Dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury to plants and soils using mercury stable isotopes in a controlled environment, Atmos. Environ., 45, 848–855, 2011.
Schuster, P. F., Krabbenhoft, D. P., and Naftz, D. L.: Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: a glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2303–2310, 2002.
Schwesig, D. and Matzner, E.: Pools and fluxes of mercury and methylmercury in two forested catchments in Germany, Sci. Total Environ., 260, 213–223, 2000.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., and Jaffe, D.: Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: global constraints from observations, J.Geophys. Res., 112, D02308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007450, 2007.
Sheehan, K. D., Fernandez, I. J., Kahl, J. S., and Amirbahman, A.: Litterfall mercury in two forested watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, USA, Water Air Soil Poll., 170, 249–265, 2006.
Smith-Downey, N. V., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Anthropogenic impacts on global storage and emissions of mercury from terrestrial soils: Insights from a new global model, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001124, 2010.
Smolander, A., Loponen, J., Suominen, K., and Kitunen, V.: Organic matter characteristics and C and N transformations in the humus layer under two tree species, Betula pendula and Picea abies, Soil. Biol. Biochem., 37, 1309–1318, 2005.
Stamenkovic, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Non-stomatal versus stomatal uptake of atmospheric mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1367–1372, 2009.
St. Louis, V., Rudd, J. W. M., Kelly, C. A., Hall, B. D., Rolfhus, K. R., Scott, K. J., Lindberg, S. E., and Dong, W.: Importance of the forest canopy to fluxes of methyl mercury and total mercury to boreal ecosystems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3089–3098, 2001.
Sundarapandian, S. M. and Swamy, P. S.: Litter production and leaf litter decomposition of selected tree species in tropical forest at Kodayar in the Western Ghats, India, Forest Ecol. Manag., 123, 231–244, 1999.
Teisserenc, R., Lucotte, M., and Houel, S.: Terrestrial organic matter biomarkers as tracers of Hg sources in lake sediments, Biogeochemistry, 103, 235–244, 2011.
Tsui, M. T. K., Finlay, J. C., and Nater, E. A.: Effects of stream water chemistry and tree species on release and methylation of mercury during litter decomposition, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8692–8697, 2008.
Weber, J. H.: Review of possible paths for abiotic methylation of mercury (II) in the aquatic environment, Chemosphere, 26, 2063–2077, 1993.
Webster, J. R. and Benfield, E. F.: Vascular plant breakdown in freshwater ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 17, 567–594, 1986.
Wickland, K., Krabenhoft, D., and Olund, S.: Evidence for a link between soil respiration and mercury emissions from organic soils, Eighth International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Madison, Wisconsin, 6–11 August 2006.
Xin, M. and Gustin, M. S.: Gaseous elemental mercury exchange with low mercury containing soils: investigation of controlling factors, Appl. Geochem., 22, 1451–1466, 2007.
Zhang, H., Lindberg, S. E., Marsik, F. J., and Keeler, G. J.: Mercury air/surface exchange kinetics of background soils of the Tahquamenon River watershed in the Michigan Upper Peninsula, Water Air Soil Poll., 126, 151–169, 2001.
Zhang, L., Wright, L. P., and Blanchard, P.: A review of current knowledge concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5853–5864, 2009.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint