Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-27-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-27-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
05 Jan 2010
Measuring and modeling continuous quality distributions of soil organic matter
S. Bruun
Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
G. I. Ågren
Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
B. T. Christensen
Department of Agroecology and Environment, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
L. S. Jensen
Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Modelling, Terrestrial
Effect of land-use legacy on the future carbon sink for the conterminous US
Peatlands and their carbon dynamics in northern high latitudes from 1990 to 2300: a process-based biogeochemistry model analysis
Improved representation of phosphorus exchange on soil mineral surfaces reduces estimates of phosphorus limitation in temperate forest ecosystems
A coupled ground heat flux–surface energy balance model of evaporation using thermal remote sensing observations
Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil incubation experiments using CoupModel
Local-scale evaluation of the simulated interactions between energy, water and vegetation in ISBA, ORCHIDEE and a diagnostic model
Implementation and initial calibration of carbon-13 soil organic matter decomposition in the Yasso model
The carbon budget of the managed grasslands of Great Britain – informed by earth observations
Accounting for non-rainfall moisture and temperature improves litter decay model performance in a fog-dominated dryland system
Ideas and perspectives: Allocation of carbon from net primary production in models is inconsistent with observations of the age of respired carbon
Towards an ensemble-based evaluation of land surface models in light of uncertain forcings and observations
Exploring the role of bedrock representation on plant transpiration response during dry periods at four forested sites in Europe
Effects of climate change in European croplands and grasslands: productivity, greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon storage
Assimilation of passive microwave vegetation optical depth in LDAS-Monde: a case study over the continental USA
Global modelling of soil carbonyl sulfide exchanges
Assessing the impacts of agricultural managements on soil carbon stocks, nitrogen loss, and crop production – a modelling study in eastern Africa
The effects of varying drought-heat signatures on terrestrial carbon dynamics and vegetation composition
Resolving temperature limitation on spring productivity in an evergreen conifer forest using a model–data fusion framework
A robust initialization method for accurate soil organic carbon simulations
Evaluation of carbonyl sulfide biosphere exchange in the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB4)
Model simulations of arctic biogeochemistry and permafrost extent are highly sensitive to the implemented snow scheme in LPJ-GUESS
Theoretical insights from upscaling Michaelis–Menten microbial dynamics in biogeochemical models: a dimensionless approach
Estimated effect of the permafrost carbon feedback on the zero emissions commitment to climate change
An improved process-oriented hydro-biogeochemical model for simulating dynamic fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in alpine ecosystems with seasonally frozen soils
A novel representation of biological nitrogen fixation and competitive dynamics between nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing plants in a land model (GFDL LM4.1-BNF)
Organic phosphorus cycling may control grassland responses to nitrogen deposition: a long-term field manipulation and modelling study
A triple tree-ring constraint for tree growth and physiology in a global land surface model
Simulating shrubs and their energy and carbon dioxide fluxes in Canada's Low Arctic with the Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC)
Competing effects of nitrogen deposition and ozone exposure on northern hemispheric terrestrial carbon uptake and storage, 1850–2099
Carbonyl sulfide: comparing a mechanistic representation of the vegetation uptake in a land surface model and the leaf relative uptake approach
Optimal model complexity for terrestrial carbon cycle prediction
CO2 physiological effect can cause rainfall decrease as strong as large-scale deforestation in the Amazon
Plant phenology evaluation of CRESCENDO land surface models – Part 1: Start and end of the growing season
Understanding the effect of fire on vegetation composition and gross primary production in a semi-arid shrubland ecosystem using the Ecosystem Demography (EDv2.2) model
Impacts of fertilization on grassland productivity and water quality across the European Alps under current and warming climate: insights from a mechanistic model
The climate benefit of carbon sequestration
Extending a land-surface model with Sphagnum moss to simulate responses of a northern temperate bog to whole ecosystem warming and elevated CO2
Improving the representation of high-latitude vegetation distribution in dynamic global vegetation models
Robust processing of airborne laser scans to plant area density profiles
Investigating the sensitivity of soil heterotrophic respiration to recent snow cover changes in Alaska using a satellite-based permafrost carbon model
Hysteretic temperature sensitivity of wetland CH4 fluxes explained by substrate availability and microbial activity
Modelling the habitat preference of two key Sphagnum species in a poor fen as controlled by capitulum water content
Evaluating two soil carbon models within the global land surface model JSBACH using surface and spaceborne observations of atmospheric CO2
Assessing impacts of selective logging on water, energy, and carbon budgets and ecosystem dynamics in Amazon forests using the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator
Microbial dormancy and its impacts on northern temperate and boreal terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget
Historical CO2 emissions from land use and land cover change and their uncertainty
A Bayesian approach to evaluation of soil biogeochemical models
Rainfall intensification increases the contribution of rewetting pulses to soil heterotrophic respiration
Wide discrepancies in the magnitude and direction of modeled solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in response to light conditions
Modeling biological nitrogen fixation in global natural terrestrial ecosystems
Benjamin S. Felzer
Biogeosciences, 20, 573–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The future of the terrestrial carbon sink depends upon the legacy of past land use, which determines the stand age of the forest and nutrient levels in the soil, both of which affect vegetation growth. This study uses a modeling approach to determine the effects of land-use legacy in the conterminous US from 1750 to 2099. Not accounting for land legacy results in a low carbon sink and high biomass, while water variables are not as highly affected.
Bailu Zhao and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 251–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use a process-based model to simulate the northern peatland's C dynamics in response to future climate change during 1990–2300. Northern peatlands are projected to be a C source under all climate scenarios except for the mildest one before 2100 and C sources under all scenarios afterwards.
We find northern peatlands are a C sink until pan-Arctic annual temperature reaches −2.09 to −2.89 °C. This study emphasizes the vulnerability of northern peatlands to climate change.
Lin Yu, Silvia Caldararu, Bernhard Ahrens, Thomas Wutzler, Marion Schrumpf, Julian Helfenstein, Chiara Pistocchi, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 20, 57–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-57-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-57-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we addressed a key weakness in current ecosystem models regarding the phosphorus exchange in the soil and developed a new scheme to describe this process. We showed that the new scheme improved the model performance for plant productivity, soil organic carbon, and soil phosphorus content at five beech forest sites in Germany. We claim that this new model could be used as a better tool to study ecosystems under future climate change, particularly phosphorus-limited systems.
Bimal K. Bhattacharya, Kaniska Mallick, Devansh Desai, Ganapati S. Bhat, Ross Morrison, Jamie R. Clevery, William Woodgate, Jason Beringer, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson, Siyan Ma, Joseph Verfaillie, and Dennis Baldocchi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5521–5551, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation retrieval in heterogeneous ecosystems is challenging due to empirical estimation of ground heat flux and complex parameterizations of conductances. We developed a parameter-sparse coupled ground heat flux-evaporation model and tested it across different limits of water stress and vegetation fraction in the Northern/Southern Hemisphere. The model performed particularly well in the savannas and showed good potential for evaporative stress monitoring from thermal infrared satellites.
Jie Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Per-Erik Jansson, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 19, 4811–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we relied on a properly controlled laboratory experiment to test the model’s capability of simulating the dominant microbial processes and the emissions of one greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) from agricultural soils. This study reveals important processes and parameters that regulate N2O emissions in the investigated model framework and also suggests future steps of model development, which have implications on the broader communities of ecosystem modelers.
Jan De Pue, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Manuela Balzarolo, Fabienne Maignan, and Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs
Biogeosciences, 19, 4361–4386, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4361-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4361-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The functioning of ecosystems involves numerous biophysical processes which interact with each other. Land surface models (LSMs) are used to describe these processes and form an essential component of climate models. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three LSMs and their interactions with soil moisture and vegetation. Though we found room for improvement in the simulation of soil moisture and drought stress, the main cause of errors was related to the simulated growth of vegetation.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laura Arppe, Hannu Fritze, Jussi Heinonsalo, Kristiina Karhu, Jari Liski, Markku Oinonen, Petra Straková, and Toni Viskari
Biogeosciences, 19, 4305–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soils account for the largest share of carbon found in terrestrial ecosystems, and accurate depiction of soil carbon decomposition is essential in understanding how permanent these carbon storages are. We present a straightforward way to include carbon isotope concentrations into soil decomposition and carbon storages for the Yasso model, which enables the model to use 13C as a natural tracer to track changes in the underlying soil organic matter decomposition.
Vasileios Myrgiotis, Thomas Luke Smallman, and Mathew Williams
Biogeosciences, 19, 4147–4170, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4147-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4147-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that livestock grazing and grass cutting can determine whether a grassland is adding (source) or removing (sink) carbon (C) to/from the atmosphere. The annual C balance of 1855 managed grassland fields in Great Britain was quantified for 2017–2018 using process modelling and earth observation data. The examined fields were, on average, small C sinks, but the summer drought of 2018 led to a 9-fold increase in the number of fields that became C sources in 2018 compared to 2017.
J. Robert Logan, Kathe E. Todd-Brown, Kathryn M. Jacobson, Peter J. Jacobson, Roland Vogt, and Sarah E. Evans
Biogeosciences, 19, 4129–4146, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how plants decompose is important for understanding where the atmospheric CO2 they absorb ends up after they die. In forests, decomposition is controlled by rain but not in deserts. We performed a 2.5-year study in one of the driest places on earth (the Namib desert in southern Africa) and found that fog and dew, not rainfall, closely controlled how quickly plants decompose. We also created a model to help predict decomposition in drylands with lots of fog and/or dew.
Carlos A. Sierra, Verónika Ceballos-Núñez, Henrik Hartmann, David Herrera-Ramírez, and Holger Metzler
Biogeosciences, 19, 3727–3738, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3727-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3727-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Empirical work that estimates the age of respired CO2 from vegetation tissue shows that it may take from years to decades to respire previously produced photosynthates. However, many ecosystem models represent respiration processes in a form that cannot reproduce these observations. In this contribution, we attempt to provide compelling evidence, based on recent research, with the aim to promote a change in the predominant paradigm implemented in ecosystem models.
Vivek K. Arora, Christian Seiler, Libo Wang, and Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-641, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-641, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The behaviour of natural systems is now very often represented through mathematical models. These models represent our understanding of how the nature works. Of course, the nature doesn't care about our understanding. Since our understanding is not perfect, evaluating models is challenging and there are uncertainties. This manuscript illustrates this uncertainty for land models and argues that evaluating models in the light of uncertainty in various components provides useful information.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Mauro Sulis, and Stanislaus Schymanski
Biogeosciences, 19, 3395–3423, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation relies on soil water reservoirs during dry periods. However, when this source is depleted, the plants may access water stored deeper in the rocks. This rock moisture contribution is usually omitted in large-scale models, which affects modeled plant water use during dry periods. Our study illustrates that including this additional source of water in the Community Land Model improves the model's ability to reproduce observed plant water use at seasonally dry sites.
Marco Carozzi, Raphaël Martin, Katja Klumpp, and Raia Silvia Massad
Biogeosciences, 19, 3021–3050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Crop and grassland production indicates a strong reduction due to the shortening of the length of the growing cycle associated with rising temperatures. Greenhouse gas emissions will increase exponentially over the century, often exceeding the CO2 accumulation of agro-ecosystems. Water demand will double in the next few decades, whereas the benefits in terms of yield will not fill the gap of C losses due to climate perturbation. Climate change will have a regionally distributed effect in the EU.
Anthony Mucia, Bertrand Bonan, Clément Albergel, Yongjun Zheng, and Jean-Christophe Calvet
Biogeosciences, 19, 2557–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2557-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2557-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, microwave vegetation optical depth data are assimilated in a land surface model in order to analyze leaf area index and root zone soil moisture. The advantage of microwave products is the higher observation frequency. A large variety of independent datasets are used to verify the added value of the assimilation. It is shown that the assimilation is able to improve the representation of soil moisture, vegetation conditions, and terrestrial water and carbon fluxes.
Camille Abadie, Fabienne Maignan, Marine Remaud, Jérôme Ogée, J. Elliott Campbell, Mary E. Whelan, Florian Kitz, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Richard Wehr, Wu Sun, Nina Raoult, Ulli Seibt, Didier Hauglustaine, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Sauveur Belviso, David Montagne, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2427–2463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2427-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2427-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A better constraint of the components of the carbonyl sulfide (COS) global budget is needed to exploit its potential as a proxy of gross primary productivity. In this study, we compare two representations of oxic soil COS fluxes, and we develop an approach to represent anoxic soil COS fluxes in a land surface model. We show the importance of atmospheric COS concentration variations on oxic soil COS fluxes and provide new estimates for oxic and anoxic soil contributions to the COS global budget.
Jianyong Ma, Sam S. Rabin, Peter Anthoni, Anita D. Bayer, Sylvia S. Nyawira, Stefan Olin, Longlong Xia, and Almut Arneth
Biogeosciences, 19, 2145–2169, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2145-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2145-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Improved agricultural management plays a vital role in protecting soils from degradation in eastern Africa. We simulated the impacts of seven management practices on soil carbon pools, nitrogen loss, and crop yield under different climate scenarios in this region. This study highlights the possibilities of conservation agriculture when targeting long-term environmental sustainability and food security in crop ecosystems, particularly for those with poor soil conditions in tropical climates.
Elisabeth Tschumi, Sebastian Lienert, Karin van der Wiel, Fortunat Joos, and Jakob Zscheischler
Biogeosciences, 19, 1979–1993, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Droughts and heatwaves are expected to occur more often in the future, but their effects on land vegetation and the carbon cycle are poorly understood. We use six climate scenarios with differing extreme occurrences and a vegetation model to analyse these effects. Tree coverage and associated plant productivity increase under a climate with no extremes. Frequent co-occurring droughts and heatwaves decrease plant productivity more than the combined effects of single droughts or heatwaves.
Stephanie G. Stettz, Nicholas C. Parazoo, A. Anthony Bloom, Peter D. Blanken, David R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Brett Raczka, Alexander J. Norton, Ian Baker, Mathew Williams, Mingjie Shi, Yongguang Zhang, and Bo Qiu
Biogeosciences, 19, 541–558, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to predicting the response of forests to climate change. In this paper, we study how photosynthesis in a mountainous evergreen forest is limited by temperature. This study highlights that cold temperature is a key factor that controls spring photosynthesis. Including the cold-temperature limitation in an ecosystem model improved its ability to simulate spring photosynthesis.
Eva Kanari, Lauric Cécillon, François Baudin, Hugues Clivot, Fabien Ferchaud, Sabine Houot, Florent Levavasseur, Bruno Mary, Laure Soucémarianadin, Claire Chenu, and Pierre Barré
Biogeosciences, 19, 375–387, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-375-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-375-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is crucial for climate regulation, soil quality, and food security. Predicting its evolution over the next decades is key for appropriate land management policies. However, SOC projections lack accuracy. Here we show for the first time that PARTYSOC, an approach combining thermal analysis and machine learning optimizes the accuracy of SOC model simulations at independent sites. This method can be applied at large scales, improving SOC projections on a continental scale.
Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, Jin Ma, Aleya Kaushik, Katherine D. Haynes, Ian Baker, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Mathijs Groenink, Wouter Peters, John B. Miller, Joseph A. Berry, Jerome Ogée, Laura K. Meredith, Wu Sun, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Huilin Chen, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Max Berkelhammer, Mary E. Whelan, Kadmiel Maseyk, Ulli Seibt, Roisin Commane, Richard Wehr, and Maarten Krol
Biogeosciences, 18, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) can be used to estimate photosynthesis. To adopt this approach on regional and global scales, we need biosphere models that can simulate COS exchange. So far, such models have not been evaluated against observations. We evaluate the COS biosphere exchange of the SiB4 model against COS flux observations. We find that the model is capable of simulating key processes in COS biosphere exchange. Still, we give recommendations for further improvement of the model.
Alexandra Pongracz, David Wårlind, Paul A. Miller, and Frans-Jan W. Parmentier
Biogeosciences, 18, 5767–5787, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5767-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5767-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that the introduction of a multi-layer snow scheme in the LPJ-GUESS DGVM improved simulations of high-latitude soil temperature dynamics and permafrost extent compared to observations. In addition, these improvements led to shifts in carbon fluxes that contrasted within and outside of the permafrost region. Our results show that a realistic snow scheme is essential to accurately simulate snow–soil–vegetation relationships and carbon–climate feedbacks.
Chris H. Wilson and Stefan Gerber
Biogeosciences, 18, 5669–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5669-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5669-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To better mitigate against climate change, it is imperative that ecosystem scientists understand how microbes decompose organic carbon in the soil and thereby release it as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. A major challenge is the high variability across ecosystems in microbial biomass and in the environmental factors like temperature that drive their activity. In this paper, we use math to better understand how this variability impacts carbon dioxide release over large scales.
Andrew H. MacDougall
Biogeosciences, 18, 4937–4952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost soils hold about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. As the Earth warms the organic matter in these soils will decay, releasing CO2 and CH4. It is expected that these soils will continue to release carbon to the atmosphere long after man-made emissions of greenhouse gases cease. Here we use a method employing hundreds of slightly varying model versions to estimate how much warming permafrost carbon will cause after human emissions of CO2 end.
Wei Zhang, Zhisheng Yao, Siqi Li, Xunhua Zheng, Han Zhang, Lei Ma, Kai Wang, Rui Wang, Chunyan Liu, Shenghui Han, Jia Deng, and Yong Li
Biogeosciences, 18, 4211–4225, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The hydro-biogeochemical model Catchment Nutrient Management Model – DeNitrification-DeComposition (CNMM-DNDC) is improved by incorporating a soil thermal module to simulate the soil thermal regime in the presence of freeze–thaw cycles. The modified model is validated at a seasonally frozen catchment with typical alpine ecosystems (wetland, meadow and forest). The simulated aggregate emissions of methane and nitrous oxide are highest for the wetland, which is dominated by the methane emissions.
Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Sergey Malyshev, Isabel Martínez Cano, Stephen W. Pacala, Elena Shevliakova, Thomas A. Bytnerowicz, and Duncan N. L. Menge
Biogeosciences, 18, 4143–4183, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Representing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an important challenge for land models. We present a novel representation of BNF and updated nitrogen cycling in a land model. It includes a representation of asymbiotic BNF by soil microbes and the competitive dynamics between nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing plants. It improves estimations of major carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes and their temporal dynamics in comparison to previous representations of BNF in land models.
Christopher R. Taylor, Victoria Janes-Bassett, Gareth K. Phoenix, Ben Keane, Iain P. Hartley, and Jessica A. C. Davies
Biogeosciences, 18, 4021–4037, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used experimental data to model two phosphorus-limited grasslands and investigated their response to nitrogen (N) deposition. Greater uptake of organic P facilitated a positive response to N deposition, stimulating growth and soil carbon storage. Where organic P access was less, N deposition exacerbated P demand and reduced plant C input to the soil. This caused more C to be released into the atmosphere than is taken in, reducing the climate-mitigation capacity of the modelled grassland.
Jonathan Barichivich, Philippe Peylin, Thomas Launois, Valerie Daux, Camille Risi, Jina Jeong, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 18, 3781–3803, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3781-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3781-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The width and the chemical signals of tree rings have the potential to test and improve the physiological responses simulated by global land surface models, which are at the core of future climate projections. Here, we demonstrate the novel use of tree-ring width and carbon and oxygen stable isotopes to evaluate the representation of tree growth and physiology in a global land surface model at temporal scales beyond experimentation and direct observation.
Gesa Meyer, Elyn R. Humphreys, Joe R. Melton, Alex J. Cannon, and Peter M. Lafleur
Biogeosciences, 18, 3263–3283, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3263-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3263-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Shrub and sedge plant functional types (PFTs) were incorporated in the land surface component of the Canadian Earth System Model to improve representation of Arctic tundra ecosystems. Evaluated against 14 years of non-winter measurements, the magnitude and seasonality of carbon dioxide and energy fluxes at a Canadian dwarf-shrub tundra site were better captured by the shrub PFTs than by previously used grass and tree PFTs. Model simulations showed the tundra site to be an annual net CO2 source.
Martina Franz and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 3219–3241, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The combined effects of ozone and nitrogen deposition on the terrestrial carbon uptake and storage has been unclear. Our simulations, from 1850 to 2099, show that ozone-related damage considerably reduced gross primary production and carbon storage in the past. The growth-stimulating effect induced by nitrogen deposition is offset until the 2050s. Accounting for nitrogen deposition without considering ozone effects might lead to an overestimation of terrestrial carbon uptake and storage.
Fabienne Maignan, Camille Abadie, Marine Remaud, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Róisín Commane, Richard Wehr, J. Elliott Campbell, Sauveur Belviso, Stephen A. Montzka, Nina Raoult, Ulli Seibt, Yoichi P. Shiga, Nicolas Vuichard, Mary E. Whelan, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 18, 2917–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by continental vegetation has been proposed as a proxy for gross primary production (GPP). Using a land surface and a transport model, we compare a mechanistic representation of the plant COS uptake (Berry et al., 2013) to the classical leaf relative uptake (LRU) approach linking GPP and vegetation COS fluxes. We show that at high temporal resolutions a mechanistic approach is mandatory, but at large scales the LRU approach compares similarly.
Caroline A. Famiglietti, T. Luke Smallman, Paul A. Levine, Sophie Flack-Prain, Gregory R. Quetin, Victoria Meyer, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Stephanie G. Stettz, Yan Yang, Damien Bonal, A. Anthony Bloom, Mathew Williams, and Alexandra G. Konings
Biogeosciences, 18, 2727–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Model uncertainty dominates the spread in terrestrial carbon cycle predictions. Efforts to reduce it typically involve adding processes, thereby increasing model complexity. However, if and how model performance scales with complexity is unclear. Using a suite of 16 structurally distinct carbon cycle models, we find that increased complexity only improves skill if parameters are adequately informed. Otherwise, it can degrade skill, and an intermediate-complexity model is optimal.
Gilvan Sampaio, Marília H. Shimizu, Carlos A. Guimarães-Júnior, Felipe Alexandre, Marcelo Guatura, Manoel Cardoso, Tomas F. Domingues, Anja Rammig, Celso von Randow, Luiz F. C. Rezende, and David M. Lapola
Biogeosciences, 18, 2511–2525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2511-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2511-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of large-scale deforestation and the physiological effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on Amazon rainfall are systematically compared in this study. Our results are remarkable in showing that the two disturbances cause equivalent rainfall decrease, though through different causal mechanisms. These results highlight the importance of not only curbing regional deforestation but also reducing global CO2 emissions to avoid climatic changes in the Amazon.
Daniele Peano, Deborah Hemming, Stefano Materia, Christine Delire, Yuanchao Fan, Emilie Joetzjer, Hanna Lee, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Taejin Park, Philippe Peylin, David Wårlind, Andy Wiltshire, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 2405–2428, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models are the scientist’s tools used for studying past, present, and future climate conditions. This work examines the ability of a group of our tools in reproducing and capturing the right timing and length of the season when plants show their green leaves. This season, indeed, is fundamental for CO2 exchanges between land, atmosphere, and climate. This work shows that discrepancies compared to observations remain, demanding further polishing of these tools.
Karun Pandit, Hamid Dashti, Andrew T. Hudak, Nancy F. Glenn, Alejandro N. Flores, and Douglas J. Shinneman
Biogeosciences, 18, 2027–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2027-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2027-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A dynamic global vegetation model, Ecosystem Demography (EDv2.2), is used to understand spatiotemporal dynamics of a semi-arid shrub ecosystem under alternative fire regimes. Multi-decadal point simulations suggest shrub dominance for a non-fire scenario and a contrasting phase of shrub and C3 grass growth for a fire scenario. Regional gross primary productivity (GPP) simulations indicate moderate agreement with MODIS GPP and a GPP reduction in fire-affected areas before showing some recovery.
Martina Botter, Matthias Zeeman, Paolo Burlando, and Simone Fatichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 1917–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1917-2021, 2021
Carlos A. Sierra, Susan E. Crow, Martin Heimann, Holger Metzler, and Ernst-Detlef Schulze
Biogeosciences, 18, 1029–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1029-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1029-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The climate benefit of carbon sequestration (CBS) is a metric developed to quantify avoided warming by two separate processes: the amount of carbon drawdown from the atmosphere and the time this carbon is stored in a reservoir. This metric can be useful for quantifying the role of forests and soils for climate change mitigation and to better quantify the benefits of carbon removals by sinks.
Xiaoying Shi, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Peter E. Thornton, Xiaofeng Xu, Fengming Yuan, Richard J. Norby, Anthony P. Walker, Jeffrey M. Warren, Jiafu Mao, Paul J. Hanson, Lin Meng, David Weston, and Natalie A. Griffiths
Biogeosciences, 18, 467–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Sphagnum mosses are the important species of a wetland ecosystem. To better represent the peatland ecosystem, we introduced the moss species to the land model component (ELM) of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) by developing water content dynamics and nonvascular photosynthetic processes for moss. We tested the model against field observations and used the model to make projections of the site's carbon cycle under warming and atmospheric CO2 concentration scenarios.
Peter Horvath, Hui Tang, Rune Halvorsen, Frode Stordal, Lena Merete Tallaksen, Terje Koren Berntsen, and Anders Bryn
Biogeosciences, 18, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of three methods for representing vegetation cover. Remote sensing provided the best match to a reference dataset, closely followed by distribution modelling (DM), whereas the dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) in CLM4.5BGCDV deviated strongly from the reference. Sensitivity tests show that use of threshold values for predictors identified by DM may improve DGVM performance. The results highlight the potential of using DM in the development of DGVMs.
Johan Arnqvist, Julia Freier, and Ebba Dellwik
Biogeosciences, 17, 5939–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5939-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5939-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Data generated by airborne laser scans enable the characterization of surface vegetation for any application that might need it, such as forest management, modeling for numerical weather prediction, or wind energy estimation. In this work we present a new algorithm for calculating the vegetation density using data from airborne laser scans. The new routine is more robust than earlier methods, and an implementation in popular programming languages accompanies the article to support new users.
Yonghong Yi, John S. Kimball, Jennifer D. Watts, Susan M. Natali, Donatella Zona, Junjie Liu, Masahito Ueyama, Hideki Kobayashi, Walter Oechel, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 17, 5861–5882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5861-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5861-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a 1 km satellite-data-driven permafrost carbon model to evaluate soil respiration sensitivity to recent snow cover changes in Alaska. Results show earlier snowmelt enhances growing-season soil respiration and reduces annual carbon uptake, while early cold-season soil respiration is linked to the number of snow-free days after the land surface freezes. Our results also show nonnegligible influences of subgrid variability in surface conditions on model-simulated CO2 seasonal cycles.
Kuang-Yu Chang, William J. Riley, Patrick M. Crill, Robert F. Grant, and Scott R. Saleska
Biogeosciences, 17, 5849–5860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5849-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is a strong greenhouse gas that can accelerate climate change and offset mitigation efforts. A key assumption embedded in many large-scale climate models is that ecosystem CH4 emissions can be estimated by fixed temperature relations. Here, we demonstrate that CH4 emissions cannot be parameterized by emergent temperature response alone due to variability driven by microbial and abiotic interactions. We also provide mechanistic understanding for observed CH4 emission hysteresis.
Jinnan Gong, Nigel Roulet, Steve Frolking, Heli Peltola, Anna M. Laine, Nicola Kokkonen, and Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
Biogeosciences, 17, 5693–5719, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5693-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5693-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, which combined a field and lab experiment with modelling, we developed a process-based model for simulating dynamics within peatland moss communities. The model is useful because Sphagnum mosses are key engineers in peatlands; their response to changes in climate via altered hydrology controls the feedback of peatland biogeochemistry to climate. Our work showed that moss capitulum traits related to water retention are the mechanism controlling moss layer dynamics in peatlands.
Tea Thum, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Aki Tsuruta, Tuula Aalto, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Jari Liski, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Tiina Markkanen, Julia Pongratz, Yukio Yoshida, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 17, 5721–5743, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5721-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5721-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global vegetation models are important tools in estimating the impacts of global climate change. The fate of soil carbon is of the upmost importance as its emissions will enhance the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. To evaluate the skill of global vegetation models to model the soil carbon and its responses to environmental factors, it is important to use different data sources. We evaluated two different soil carbon models by using atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Maoyi Huang, Yi Xu, Marcos Longo, Michael Keller, Ryan G. Knox, Charles D. Koven, and Rosie A. Fisher
Biogeosciences, 17, 4999–5023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES) is enhanced to mimic the ecological, biophysical, and biogeochemical processes following a logging event. The model can specify the timing and aerial extent of logging events; determine the survivorship of cohorts in the disturbed forest; and modifying the biomass, coarse woody debris, and litter pools. This study lays the foundation to simulate land use change and forest degradation in FATES as part of an Earth system model.
Junrong Zha and Qianla Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4591–4610, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4591-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4591-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study incorporated microbial dormancy into a detailed microbe-based biogeochemistry model to examine the fate of Arctic carbon budgets under changing climate conditions. Compared with the model without microbial dormancy, the new model estimated a much higher carbon accumulation in the region during the last and current century. This study highlights the importance of the representation of microbial dormancy in earth system models to adequately quantify the carbon dynamics in the Arctic.
Thomas Gasser, Léa Crepin, Yann Quilcaille, Richard A. Houghton, Philippe Ciais, and Michael Obersteiner
Biogeosciences, 17, 4075–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4075-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4075-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We combine several lines of evidence to provide a robust estimate of historical CO2 emissions from land use change. Our novel approach leads to reduced uncertainty and identifies key remaining sources of uncertainty and discrepancy.
We also quantify the carbon removal by natural ecosystems that would have occurred if these ecosystems had not been destroyed (mostly via deforestation). Over the last decade, this foregone carbon sink amounted to about 50 % of the actual emissions.
Hua W. Xie, Adriana L. Romero-Olivares, Michele Guindani, and Steven D. Allison
Biogeosciences, 17, 4043–4057, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4043-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil biogeochemical models (SBMs) are needed to predict future soil CO2 emissions levels, but we presently lack statistically rigorous frameworks for assessing the predictive utility of SBMs. In this study, we demonstrate one possible approach to evaluating SBMs by comparing the fits of two models to soil CO2 respiration data with recently developed Bayesian statistical goodness-of-fit metrics. Our results demonstrate that our approach is a viable one for continued development and refinement.
Stefano Manzoni, Arjun Chakrawal, Thomas Fischer, Joshua P. Schimel, Amilcare Porporato, and Giulia Vico
Biogeosciences, 17, 4007–4023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4007-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4007-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide is produced by soil microbes through respiration, which is particularly fast when soils are moistened by rain. Will respiration increase with future more intense rains and longer dry spells? With a mathematical model, we show that wetter conditions increase respiration. In contrast, if rainfall totals stay the same, but rain comes all at once after long dry spells, the average respiration will not change, but the contribution of the respiration bursts after rain will increase.
Nicholas C. Parazoo, Troy Magney, Alex Norton, Brett Raczka, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Ian Baker, Yongguang Zhang, Bo Qiu, Mingjie Shi, Natasha MacBean, Dave R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jochen Stutz, Katja Grossmann, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 3733–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a global measure of photosynthetic change. This enables scientists to better track carbon cycle responses to environmental change and tune biochemical processes in vegetation models for an improved simulation of future change. We use tower-instrumented SIF measurements and controlled model experiments to assess the state of the art in terrestrial biosphere SIF modeling and find a wide range of sensitivities to light.
Tong Yu and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 17, 3643–3657, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3643-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3643-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) plays an important role in the global nitrogen cycle. However, the fixation rate has usually been measured or estimated at a particular observational site. This study develops a BNF model considering the symbiotic relationship between legume plants and bacteria. The model is extensively calibrated with site-level observational data and then extrapolated to the global terrestrial ecosystems to quantify the fixation rate in the 1990s.
Cited articles
Ågren, G. and Bosatta, E.: Theoretical ecosystem ecology: understanding element cycles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996a.
Ågren, G. I. and Bosatta, E.: Quality: a bridge between theory and experiment in soil organic matter studies, Oikos, 76, 522–528, 1996b.
Ågren, G. I., Bosatta, E., and Balesdent, J.: Isotope discrimination during decomposition of organic matter: a theoretical analysis, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 1121–1126, 1996a.
Ågren, G. I., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Johnson, D. W., and Bosatta, E.: Ecosystem physiology – Soil organic matter, in: Global change: Effects on coniferous forests and grasslands, edited by: Breymeyer, A. I., Hall, D. O., Melillo, J. M., and Ågren, G. I., John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1996b.
Arah, A. R. M. and Gaunt, J. L.: Questionable assumptions in the current soil organic matter transformation models, in: Sustainable management of soil organic matter, edited by: Rees, R. M., Ball, B. C., Campbell, C. D., and Watson, C. A., CABI publishing, Oxon, 83–89, 2001.
Arshad, M. A., Starnaud, R. J., and Huang, P. M.: Characterization of electrophoretic separates of soil clays, Soil Sci., 112, 46–52, 1971.
Baisden, W. T. and Amundson, R.: An analytical approach to ecosystem biogeochemistry modeling, Ecol. Appl., 13, 649–663, 2003.
Baisden, W. T., Amundson, R., Cook, A. C., and Brenner, D. L.: Turnover and storage of C and N in five density fractions from California annual grassland surface soils, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001822, 2002.
Balesdent, J.: The significance of organic separates to carbon dynamics and its modelling in some cultivated soils, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 47, 485–493, 1996.
Balesdent, J. and Mariotti, A.: Measurement of soil organic matter turnover using 13C natural abundance, in: Mass spectrometry of soils, edited by: Boutton, T. W. and Yamasaki, S. I., Marcel Dekker, New York, 83–111, 1996.
Bernaux, M., Cerri, C. C., Neill, C., and de Moraes, J. F. L.: The use of stable carbon isotopes for estimation soil organic matter turnover rates, Geoderma, 82, 43–58, 1998.
Bird, M., Santr\`{u}cková, H., Lloyd, J., and Lawson, E.: The isotopic composition of soil organic carbon on a north-south transect in western Canada, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 53, 393–403, 2002.
Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I.: Theoretical analysis of decomposition of heterogeneous substrates, Soil Biol. Biochem., 17, 601–610, 1985.
Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I.: Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in the organic matter of the soil: a generic theory, Am. Nat., 138, 227–245, 1991.
Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I.: Exact solutions to the continuous-quality equation for soil organic matter turnover, J. Theor. Biol., 224, 97–105, 2003.
Boudreau, B. P.: A kinetic model for microbic organic matter decomposition in marine sediments, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 102, 1–14, 1992.
Bruun, S., Jensen, E. S., and Jensen, L. S.: Microbial mineralization and assimilation of black carbon: Dependency on degree of thermal alteration, Org. Geochem., 39, 839–845, 2008a.
Bruun, S. and Luxhøi, J.: Letter to the editor on "Can incubations be used to measure meaningful pools of soil organic matter?", Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 2164, 2006.
Bruun, S., Six, J., and Jensen, L. S.: Estimating vital statistics and age distributions of measurable soil organic carbon fractions based on their pathway of formation and radiocarbon content, J. Theor. Biol., 230, 241–250, 2004.
Bruun, S., Six, J., Paustian, K., and Jensen, L. S.: Estimating turnover of measurable soil organic carbon fractions based on radiocarbon measurements, Radiocarbon, 47, 99–113, 2005a.
Bruun, S., Stenberg, B., Breland, T. A., Gudmundsson, J., Henriksen, T., Jensen, L. S., Korsaeth, A., Luxhøi, J., Palmason, F., Pedersen, A., and Salo, T.: Empirical predictions of plant material C and N mineralization patterns from near infrared spectroscopy, stepwise chemical digestion and C/N ratios, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 2283–2296, 2005b.
Bruun, S., Thomsen, I. K., Christensen, B. T., and Jensen, L. S.: In search of stable soil organic carbon fractions: a comparison of methods applied to soils labelled with 14C for 40 days or 40 years, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 59, 247–256, 2008b.
Buffle, J. and Leppard, G. G.: Characterization of aquatic colloids and macromolecules .2. Key role of physical structures on analytical results, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2176–2184, 1995.
Buyanovsky, G. A., Aslam, M., and Wagner, G. H.: Carbon turnover in soil physical fractions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 1167–1173, 1994.
Carpenter, S. R.: Decay of heterogenous detritus: a general model, J. Theor. Biol., 89, 539–547, 1981.
Christensen, B. T.: Physical fractionation of soil and organic matter in primary particle size and density separates, Adv. Soil Sci., 20, 1–90, 1992.
Christensen, B. T.: Matching measurable soil organic matter fractions with conceptual pools in simulation models: Revision of model structure, in: Evaluation of soil organic matter models, using existing long term datasets, edited by: Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., and Smith, J. U., Springer, Berlin, 143–159, 1996.
Christensen, B. T.: Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 52, 345–353, 2001.
Coleman, K. and Jenkinson, D. S.: Roth C-26.3 – A model for the turnover of carbon in soil, in: Evaluation of soil organic matter models, using existing long-term datasets, edited by: Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., and Smith, J. U., Springer, Berlin, 237–246, 1996.
Dalal, R. C. and Mayer, R. J.: Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in Southern Queensland .IV. Loss of organic carbon from different density fractions, Aust. J. Soil Res., 24, 301–309, 1986.
Dauwe, B. and Middelburg, J. J.: Amino acids and hexosamines as indicators of organic matter degradation state in North Sea sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 782–798, 1998.
Dauwe, B., Middelburg, J. J., Herman, P. M. J., and Heip, C. H. R.: Linking diagenetic alteration of amino acids and bulk organic matter reactivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1809–1814, 1999.
David, C.: Thermal degradation of polymers, in: Degradation of polymers, edited by: Bamford, C. H. and Tipper, C. F. H., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1–173, 1975.
DosRamos, J. G. and Silebi, C. A.: The determination of particle size distribution of submicrometer particles by capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF), J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 135, 165–177, 1990.
Elliott, E. T., Paustian, K., and Frey, S. D.: Modeling the measurable or measuring the modelable: A hierarchical approach to isolating meaningful soil organic matter fractionations, in: Evaluation of soil organic matter models, using existing long term datasets, edited by: Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., and Smith, J. U., Springer, Berlin, 161–179, 1996.
England, L. S., Lee, H., and Trevors, J. T.: Bacterial survival in soil - Effect of clays and protozoa, Soil Biol. Biochem., 25, 525–531, 1993.
Eusterhues, K., Rumpel, C., and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Stabilization of soil organic matter isolated via oxidative degradation, Org. Geochem., 36, 1567–1575, 2005.
Fontaine, S., Mariotti, A., and Abbadie, L.: The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition?, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 837–843, 2003.
Fraunhofer, W. and Winter, G.: The use of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation in pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 58, 369–383, 2004.
Gelinas, Y., Prentice, K. M., Baldock, J. A., and Hedges, J. I.: An improved thermal oxidation method for the quantification of soot/graphitic black carbon in sediments and soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3519–3525, 2001.
Giddings, J. C.: A system based on split-flow lateral transport thin (Splitt) separation cells for rapid and continuous particle fractionation, Sep. Sci. Technol., 20, 749–768, 1985.
Gillon, D., Joffre, R., and Ibrahima, A.: Can litter decomposability be predicted by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy?, Ecology, 80, 175–186, 1999.
Goldberg, E. D.: Black carbon in the environment, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985.
Guggenberger, G. and Kaiser, K.: Dissolved organic matter in soil: challenging the paradigm of sorptive preservation, Geoderma, 113, 293–310, 2003.
Gustafsson, O., Bucheli, T. D., Kukulska, Z., Andersson, M., Largeau, C., Rouzaud, J. N., Reddy, C. M., and Eglinton, T. I.: Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 881–890, 2001.
Gustafsson, O., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., MacFarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. M.: Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: Implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 203–209, 1997.
Hassink, J.: Decomposition rate constants of size and density fractions of soil organic matter, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59, 1631–1635, 1995.
Hassink, J. and Dalenberg, J. W.: Decomposition and transfer of plant residue 14C between size and density fractions in soil, Plant Soil, 179, 159–169, 1996.
Helfrich, M., Flessa, H., Mikutta, R., Dreves, A., and Ludwig, B.: Comparison of chemical fractionation methods for isolating stable soil organic carbon pools, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 58, 1316–1329, 2007.
Hunter, R. J.: Zeta potential in colloid science, Academic Press, London, 1981.
Hyvönen, R., Ågren, G. I., and Dalias, P.: Analysing temperature response of decomposition of organic matter, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 770–778, 2005.
Joffre, R., Ågren, G. I., Gillon, D., and Bosatta, E.: Organic matter quality in ecological studies: theory meets experiment, Oikos, 93, 451–458, 2001.
Joffre, R., Gillon, D., Dardenne, P., Agneessens, R., and Biston, R.: The use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in litter decomposition studies, Ann. Sci. For., 49, 481–488, 1992.
Kiem, R., Knicker, H., and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Refractory organic carbon in particle-size fractions of arable soils I: distribution of refractory carbon between the size fractions, Org. Geochem., 33, 1683–1697, 2002.
Kiem, R. and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Contribution of lignin and polysaccharides to the refractory carbon pool in C-depleted arable soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 101–118, 2003.
Kleber, M., Mikutta, R., Torn, M. S., and Jahn, R.: Poorly crystalline mineral phases protect organic matter in acid subsoil horizons, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 717–725, 2005.
Kleber, M., Sollins, P., and Sutton, R.: A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces, Biogeochemistry, 85, 9–24, 2007.
Kögel-Knabner, I.: The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 34, 139–162, 2002.
Kretzschmar, R., Borkovec, M., Grolimund, D., and Elimelech, M.: Mobile subsurface colloids and their role in contaminant transport, Adv. Agron., 66, 121–193, 1999.
Kristensen, E.: Characterization of biogenic organic-matter by stepwise thermogravimetry (Stg), Biogeochem., 9, 135–159, 1990.
Kuzyakov, Y., Friedel, J. K., and Stahr, K.: Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 1485–1498, 2000.
Laevitt, S. W., Follet, R. F., and Paul, E. A.: Estimation of slow- and fast cycling soil organic carbon pools from 6N HCL hydrolysis, Radiocarbon, 38, 231–239, 1996.
Lindahl, V. and Bakken, L. R.: Evaluation of methods for extraction of bacteria from soil, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 16, 135–142, 1995.
Lopez-Capel, E., Bol, R., and Manning, D. A. C.: Application of simultaneous thermal analysis mass spectrometry and stable carbon isotope analysis in a carbon sequestration study, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 19, 3192–3198, 2005a.
Lopez-Capel, E., Sohi, S. P., Gaunt, J. L., and Manning, D. A. C.: Use of thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry to characterize modelable soil organic matter fractions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 136–140, 2005b.
Magid, J., Gorissen, A., and Giller, K.: In search of the elusive "active" fraction of soil organic matter: three size-density fractionation methods for tracing the fate of homogeneously 14C-labeled plant materials, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 89–99, 1996.
Manzoni, S. and Porporato, A.: Theoretical analysis of nonlinearities and feedbacks in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 1542–1556, 2007.
Martel, Y. A. and Paul, E. A.: The use of radiocarbon dating of organic matter in the study of soil genesis, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 38, 501–506, 1974.
Martens, H. and Naes, T.: Multivariate calibration, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1989.
Masiello, C. A.: New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry, Mar. Chem., 92, 201–213, 2004.
McGill, W. B.: Review and classification of ten soil organic matter (SOM) models, in: Evaluation of soil organic matter models, using existing long term datasets, edited by: Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., and Smith, J. U., Springer, Berlin, 111–132, 1996.
Mikutta, R., Kleber, M., Kaiser, K., and Jahn, R.: Review: Organic matter removal from soils using hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and disodium peroxodisulfate, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 120–135, 2005.
Neill, C. and Gignoux, J.: Soil organic matter decomposition driven by microbial growth: A simple model for a complex network of interactions, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 803–811, 2006.
Oades, J. M. and Waters, A. G.: Aggregate hierarchy in soils, Aust. J. Soil Res., 29, 815–828, 1991.
Parton, W. J., Schimel, D. S., Cole, C. V., and Ojima, D. S.: Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51, 1173–1179, 1987.
Paul, E. A., Follett, R. F., Leavitt, S. W., Halvorson, A., Peterson, G. A., and Lyon, D. J.: Radiocarbon dating for determination of soil organic matter pool sizes and dynamics, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1058–1067, 1997.
Paul, E. A., Morris, S. J., Conant, R. T., and Plante, A. F.: Does the acid hydrolysis-incubation method measure meaningful soil organic carbon pools?, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1023–1035, 2006.
Plante, A. F., Chenu, C., Balabane, M., Mariotti, A., and Righi, D.: Peroxide oxidation of clay-associated organic matter in a cultivation chronosequence, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 55, 471–478, 2004.
Plante, A. F., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., Paustian, K., and Six, J.: Acid hydrolysis of easily dispersed and microaggregate-derived silt- and clay-sized fractions to isolate resistant soil organic matter, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57, 456–467, 2006.
Plante, A. F., Fernández, J. M., and Leifeld, J.: Application of thermal analysis techniques in soil science, Geoderma, 153, 1–10, 2009.
Poage, M. A. and Feng, X. H.: A theoretical analysis of steady state $\delta ^{13}$C profiles of soil organic matter, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB2016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002195,, 2004.
Ranville, J. F., Chittleborough, D. J., and Beckett, R.: Particle-size and element distributions of soil colloids: Implications for colloid transport, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 1173–1184, 2005.
Reichstein, M., Ågren, G., and Fontaine, S.: Is there a theoretical limit to soil carbon storage in old-growth forests?, in: Old-Growth forests, edited by: Wirth, G., Gleixner, G., and Heimann, M., Springer, Berlin, 267–281, 2009.
Saggar, S., Parshotam, A., Sparling, G. P., Feltham, C. W., and Hart, P. B. S.: 14C-labelled ryegrass turnover and residence times in soils varying in clay content and mineralogy, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 1677–1686, 1996.
Saito, T., Koopal, L. K., van Riemsdijk, W. H., Nagasaki, S., and Tanaka, S.: Adsorption of humic acid on goethite: Isotherms, charge adjustments, and potential profiles, Langmuir, 20, 689–700, 2004.
Schimel, J. P. and Weintraub, M. N.: The implications of exoenzyme activity on microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil: a theoretical model, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 549–563, 2003.
Schmidt, M. W. I., Skjemstad, J. O., Czimczik, C. I., Glaser, B., Prentice, K. M., Gelinas, Y., and Kuhlbusch, T. A. J.: Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 163–167, 2001.
Schulten, H. R.: Analytical Pyrolysis of Humic Substances and Soils – Geochemical, Agricultural and Ecological Consequences, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 25, 97–122, 1993.
Schulten, H. R. and Leinweber, P.: Thermal stability and composition of mineral-bound organic matter in density fractions of soil, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 50, 237–248, 1999.
Schulten, H. R. and Leinweber, P.: New insights into organic-mineral particles: composition, properties and models of molecular structure, Biol. Fert. Soils, 30, 399–432, 2000.
Sexstone, A. J., Revsbech, N. P., Parkin, T. B., and Tiedje, J. M.: Direct measurement of oxygen profiles and denitrification rates in soil aggregates, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 645–651, 1985.
Shang, C. and Tiessen, H.: Organic matter lability in a tropical oxisol: Evidence from shifting cultivation, chemical oxidation, particle size, density, and magnetic fractionations, Soil Sci., 162, 795–807, 1997.
Shang, C. and Tiessen, H.: Carbon turnover and carbon-13 natural abundance in organo-mineral fractions of a tropical dry forest soil under cultivation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 2149–2155, 2000.
Shaymukhametov, M. S., Titova, N. A., Travnikova, L. S., and Labenets, Y. M.: Use of physical fractionation methods to characterize soil organic matter, Soviet Soil Science, 16, 117–128, 1984.
Shenk, J. S., Workman, J. J., and Westerhaus, M. O.: Application of NIR spectroscopy to agricultural products, in: Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis, edited by: Burns, D. A. and Ciurczak, E. W., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 419–473, 2001.
Siewert, C.: Rapid screening of soil properties using thermogravimetry, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 1656–1661, 2004.
Simpson, M. J. and Hatcher, P. G.: Determination of black carbon in natural organic matter by chemical oxidation and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Org. Geochem., 35, 923–935, 2004.
Six, J., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., and Paustian, K.: Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils, Plant Soil, 241, 155–176, 2002.
Six, J., Elliott, E. T., Paustian, K., and Doran, J. W.: Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 1367–1377, 1998.
Six, J., Merckx, R., Kimpe, K., Paustian, K., and Elliott, E. T.: A re-evaluation of the enriched labile soil organic matter fraction, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 51, 283–293, 2000.
Skjemstad, J. O., Clarke, P., Colchin, A., and Oades, J. M.: Characterization of soil organic matter by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy, in: Driven by nature. Plant litter quality and decomposition, edited by: Cadisch, G. and Giller, K. E., CAB International, Wallingford, 3–30, 1997.
Skjemstad, J. O., Janik, L. J., Head, M. J., and McClure, S. G.: High energy ultraviolet photooxidation: a novel technique for studying physically protected organic matter in clay-sized and silt-sized aggregates, J. Soil Sci., 44, 485–499, 1993.
Skjemstad, J. O., Spouncer, L. A., Cowie, B., and Swift, R. S.: Calibration of the Rothhamsted organic turnover model (Roth ver 26.3), using measureable soil organic carbon pools, Aust. J. Soil Res., 42, 79–88, 2004.
Skjemstad, J. O., Taylor, J. A., and Smernik, R. J.: Estimation of charcoal (char) in soils, Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 30, 2283–2298, 1999.
Smith, J. U., Smith, P., Monaghan, R., and MacDonald, A. J.: When is a measured soil organic matter fraction equivalent to a model pool?, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 53, 405–416, 2002.
Sohi, S. P., Mahieu, N., Arah, J. R. M., Powlson, D. S., Madari, B., and Gaunt, J. L.: A procedure for isolating soil organic matter fractions suitable for modeling, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 1121–1128, 2001.
Sollins, P., Homann, P., and Caldwell, B. A.: Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: Mechanisms and controls, Geoderma, 74, 65–105, 1996.
Sollins, P., Kramer, M. G., Swanston, C., Lajtha, K., Filley, T., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Wagai, R., and Bowden, R. D.: Sequential density fractionation across soils of contrasting mineralogy: evidence for both microbial- and mineral-controlled soil organic matter stabilization, Biogeochem., 96, 209–231, 2009.
Sollins, P., Swanston, C., Kleber, M., Filley, T., Kramer, M., Crow, S., Caldwell, B. A., Lajtha, K., and Bowden, R.: Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 3313–3324, 2006.
Stevens, K. A. and Jaykus, L. A.: Bacterial separation and concentration from complex sample matrices: A review, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 30, 7–24, 2004.
Thomsen, I. K., Bruun, S., Jensen, L. S., and Christensen, B. T.: Assessing soil carbon lability by near infrared spectroscopy and NaOCl oxidation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 2170–2177, 2009.
Tipping, E. and Cooke, D.: The effects of adsorbed humic substances on the surface charge of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) in fresh waters, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 46, 75–80, 1982.
Tisdall, J. M. and Oades, J. M.: Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils, J. Soil Sci., 33, 141–163, 1982.
Torn, M. S., Trumbore, S. E., Chadwick, O. A., Vitousek, P. M., and Hendricks, D. M.: Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover, Nature, 389, 170–173, 1997.
Trumbore, S. E., Chadwick, O. A., and Amundson, R.: Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change, Science, 272, 393–396, 1996.
Trumbore, S. E. and Zheng, S. H.: Comparison of fractionation methods for soil organic matter 14C analysis, Radiocarbon, 38, 219–229, 1996.
van Veen, J. A. and Kuikman, P. J.: Soil structural aspects of decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, Biogeochem., 11, 213–233, 1990.
Vandewiele, S., Cowie, G., Soetaert, K., and Middelburg, J. J.: Amino acid biogeochemistry and organic matter degradation state across the Pakistan margin oxygen minimum zone, Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 376–392, 2009.
Veeman, W. S.: Nuclear magnetic resonance, a simple introduction to the principles and applications, Geoderma, 80, 225–242, 1997.
von Lützow, M., Kögel-Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., Flessa, H., Guggenberger, G., Matzner, E., and Marschner, B.: SOM fractionation methods: Relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 2183–2207, 2007.
von Lützow, M., Kögel-Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., Matzner, E., Guggenberger, G., Marschner, B., and Flessa, H.: Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions – a review, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57, 426–445, 2006.
Vor, T., Dyckmans, J., Loftfield, N., Beese, F., and Flessa, H.: Aeration effects on CO2, N2O, and CH4 emission and leachate composition of a forest soil, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166, 39–45, 2003.
Zimmermann, M., Leifeld, J., Schmidt, M. W. I., Smith, P., and Fuhrer, J.: Measured soil organic matter fractions can be related to pools in the RothC model, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 58, 658–667, 2007.
