Articles | Volume 15, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
N. Precious Mongwe
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, Cape Town,
South Africa
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
Marcello Vichi
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South
Africa
Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, Cape Town,
South Africa
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
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Cited
44 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis K. Rodgers et al. 10.1029/2023GB007798
- The Four-Dimensional Carbon Cycle of the Southern Ocean A. Gray 10.1146/annurev-marine-041923-104057
- Subantarctic Mode Water Biogeochemical Formation Properties and Interannual Variability S. Bushinsky & I. Cerovečki 10.1029/2022AV000722
- The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink N. Gruber et al. 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407
- Climate change in a conceptual atmosphere–phytoplankton model G. Károlyi et al. 10.5194/esd-11-603-2020
- Seasonal Carbon Dynamics in the Near‐Global Ocean L. Keppler et al. 10.1029/2020GB006571
- Climate-driven variability of the Southern Ocean CO 2 sink N. Mayot et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0055
- Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al. 10.1126/sciadv.abq0220
- Effect of Antarctic sea ice on chlorophyll concentration in the Southern Ocean N. Behera et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104853
- Summertime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Gradients of O2 and CO2 over the Southern Ocean E. Morgan et al. 10.1029/2019JD031479
- Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc195
- Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget J. Hauck et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.571720
- Winter Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes Constructed From Summer Observations of the Polar Southern Ocean Suggest Weak Outgassing N. Mackay & A. Watson 10.1029/2020JC016600
- The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Macronutrients in Drake Passage: Relationship to Fronts and Utility as a Model Metric N. Freeman et al. 10.1029/2019JC015052
- The impact of seasonality on the annual air-sea carbon flux and its interannual variability P. Rustogi et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00378-3
- Quantifying the Role of Seasonality in the Marine Carbon Cycle Feedback: An ESM2M Case Study A. Fassbender et al. 10.1029/2021GB007018
- Evidence for the Impact of Climate Change on Primary Producers in the Southern Ocean M. Pinkerton et al. 10.3389/fevo.2021.592027
- The sensitivity ofpCO2reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach L. Djeutchouang et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
- Southern Ocean phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export: insights from a seasonal cycle approach S. Thomalla et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0068
- Controls on the Boundary Between Thermally and Non‐Thermally Driven pCO2 Regimes in the South Pacific C. Prend et al. 10.1029/2021GL095797
- Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO<sub>2</sub> and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019) C. Leseurre et al. 10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022
- Biogeochemical controls on ammonium accumulation in the surface layer of the Southern Ocean S. Smith et al. 10.5194/bg-19-715-2022
- Variability in the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1959 to 2020 by Correcting Models With Observations V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2022GL098632
- The Simulated Biological Response to Southern Ocean Eddies via Biological Rate Modification and Physical Transport T. Rohr et al. 10.1029/2019GB006385
- Observed Regional Fluxes to Constrain Modeled Estimates of the Ocean Carbon Sink A. Fay & G. McKinley 10.1029/2021GL095325
- Indo‐Pacific Sector Dominates Southern Ocean Carbon Outgassing C. Prend et al. 10.1029/2021GB007226
- The Deep Ocean's Carbon Exhaust H. Chen et al. 10.1029/2021GB007156
- Drivers of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Seasonality and its Long‐Term Changes in the NASA‐GISS Model CMIP6 Submission P. Lerner et al. 10.1029/2019MS002028
- Simulations With the Marine Biogeochemistry Library (MARBL) M. Long et al. 10.1029/2021MS002647
- Quantifying Errors in Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Carbon Sink Variability L. Gloege et al. 10.1029/2020GB006788
- A detectable change in the air-sea CO2 flux estimate from sailboat measurements J. Behncke et al. 10.1038/s41598-024-53159-0
- Global air-sea CO2 exchange flux since 1980s: results from CMIP6 Earth System Models B. Qu et al. 10.1007/s00343-021-1096-8
- Ocean biogeochemistry in the coupled ocean–sea ice–biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1–REcoM3 Ö. Gürses et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4883-2023
- Development of the Regional Carbon Cycle Model in the Central Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean T. Ito 10.1029/2021MS002757
- Storms drive outgassing of CO2 in the subpolar Southern Ocean S. Nicholson et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-27780-w
- A Link Between CMIP5 Phytoplankton Phenology and Sea Ice in the Atlantic Southern Ocean M. Hague & M. Vichi 10.1029/2018GL078061
- Arctic Ocean annual high in $${{\boldsymbol{p}}}_{{{\bf{CO}}}_{{\bf{2}}}}$$ could shift from winter to summer J. Orr et al. 10.1038/s41586-022-05205-y
- The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage J. Hauck et al. 10.1029/2023GB007848
- Carbon Outgassing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Is Supported by Ekman Transport From the Sea Ice Zone in an Observation‐Based Seasonal Mixed‐Layer Budget J. Sauvé et al. 10.1029/2023JC019815
- A synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2022: the SNAPO-CO2-v1 dataset N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/essd-16-89-2024
- How Well Do We Understand the Land‐Ocean‐Atmosphere Carbon Cycle? D. Crisp et al. 10.1029/2021RG000736
- Carbon Sinks and Variations of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean From 1998 to 2018 Based on a Deep Learning Approach Y. Wang et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3066552
- Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S T. Bourgeois et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
- Oxygen and pCO2 in the Surface Waters of the Atlantic Southern Ocean in 2021–2022 N. Orekhova et al. 10.3390/w15091642
44 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis K. Rodgers et al. 10.1029/2023GB007798
- The Four-Dimensional Carbon Cycle of the Southern Ocean A. Gray 10.1146/annurev-marine-041923-104057
- Subantarctic Mode Water Biogeochemical Formation Properties and Interannual Variability S. Bushinsky & I. Cerovečki 10.1029/2022AV000722
- The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink N. Gruber et al. 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407
- Climate change in a conceptual atmosphere–phytoplankton model G. Károlyi et al. 10.5194/esd-11-603-2020
- Seasonal Carbon Dynamics in the Near‐Global Ocean L. Keppler et al. 10.1029/2020GB006571
- Climate-driven variability of the Southern Ocean CO 2 sink N. Mayot et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0055
- Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al. 10.1126/sciadv.abq0220
- Effect of Antarctic sea ice on chlorophyll concentration in the Southern Ocean N. Behera et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104853
- Summertime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Gradients of O2 and CO2 over the Southern Ocean E. Morgan et al. 10.1029/2019JD031479
- Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc195
- Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget J. Hauck et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.571720
- Winter Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes Constructed From Summer Observations of the Polar Southern Ocean Suggest Weak Outgassing N. Mackay & A. Watson 10.1029/2020JC016600
- The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Macronutrients in Drake Passage: Relationship to Fronts and Utility as a Model Metric N. Freeman et al. 10.1029/2019JC015052
- The impact of seasonality on the annual air-sea carbon flux and its interannual variability P. Rustogi et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00378-3
- Quantifying the Role of Seasonality in the Marine Carbon Cycle Feedback: An ESM2M Case Study A. Fassbender et al. 10.1029/2021GB007018
- Evidence for the Impact of Climate Change on Primary Producers in the Southern Ocean M. Pinkerton et al. 10.3389/fevo.2021.592027
- The sensitivity ofpCO2reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach L. Djeutchouang et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
- Southern Ocean phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export: insights from a seasonal cycle approach S. Thomalla et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0068
- Controls on the Boundary Between Thermally and Non‐Thermally Driven pCO2 Regimes in the South Pacific C. Prend et al. 10.1029/2021GL095797
- Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO<sub>2</sub> and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019) C. Leseurre et al. 10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022
- Biogeochemical controls on ammonium accumulation in the surface layer of the Southern Ocean S. Smith et al. 10.5194/bg-19-715-2022
- Variability in the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1959 to 2020 by Correcting Models With Observations V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2022GL098632
- The Simulated Biological Response to Southern Ocean Eddies via Biological Rate Modification and Physical Transport T. Rohr et al. 10.1029/2019GB006385
- Observed Regional Fluxes to Constrain Modeled Estimates of the Ocean Carbon Sink A. Fay & G. McKinley 10.1029/2021GL095325
- Indo‐Pacific Sector Dominates Southern Ocean Carbon Outgassing C. Prend et al. 10.1029/2021GB007226
- The Deep Ocean's Carbon Exhaust H. Chen et al. 10.1029/2021GB007156
- Drivers of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Seasonality and its Long‐Term Changes in the NASA‐GISS Model CMIP6 Submission P. Lerner et al. 10.1029/2019MS002028
- Simulations With the Marine Biogeochemistry Library (MARBL) M. Long et al. 10.1029/2021MS002647
- Quantifying Errors in Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Carbon Sink Variability L. Gloege et al. 10.1029/2020GB006788
- A detectable change in the air-sea CO2 flux estimate from sailboat measurements J. Behncke et al. 10.1038/s41598-024-53159-0
- Global air-sea CO2 exchange flux since 1980s: results from CMIP6 Earth System Models B. Qu et al. 10.1007/s00343-021-1096-8
- Ocean biogeochemistry in the coupled ocean–sea ice–biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1–REcoM3 Ö. Gürses et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4883-2023
- Development of the Regional Carbon Cycle Model in the Central Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean T. Ito 10.1029/2021MS002757
- Storms drive outgassing of CO2 in the subpolar Southern Ocean S. Nicholson et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-27780-w
- A Link Between CMIP5 Phytoplankton Phenology and Sea Ice in the Atlantic Southern Ocean M. Hague & M. Vichi 10.1029/2018GL078061
- Arctic Ocean annual high in $${{\boldsymbol{p}}}_{{{\bf{CO}}}_{{\bf{2}}}}$$ could shift from winter to summer J. Orr et al. 10.1038/s41586-022-05205-y
- The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage J. Hauck et al. 10.1029/2023GB007848
- Carbon Outgassing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Is Supported by Ekman Transport From the Sea Ice Zone in an Observation‐Based Seasonal Mixed‐Layer Budget J. Sauvé et al. 10.1029/2023JC019815
- A synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2022: the SNAPO-CO2-v1 dataset N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/essd-16-89-2024
- How Well Do We Understand the Land‐Ocean‐Atmosphere Carbon Cycle? D. Crisp et al. 10.1029/2021RG000736
- Carbon Sinks and Variations of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean From 1998 to 2018 Based on a Deep Learning Approach Y. Wang et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3066552
- Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S T. Bourgeois et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
- Oxygen and pCO2 in the Surface Waters of the Atlantic Southern Ocean in 2021–2022 N. Orekhova et al. 10.3390/w15091642
Discussed (final revised paper)
Discussed (preprint)
Latest update: 18 Apr 2024
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main...
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