Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1029-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1029-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Feb 2018
Research article |
| 20 Feb 2018
Simultaneous shifts in elemental stoichiometry and fatty acids of Emiliania huxleyi in response to environmental changes
Rong Bi
Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean
University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071,
China
Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung,
Kiel, 24105, Germany
Stefanie M. H. Ismar
Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung,
Kiel, 24105, Germany
Ulrich Sommer
Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung,
Kiel, 24105, Germany
Meixun Zhao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean
University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071,
China
Related authors
Rong Bi, Stefanie M. H. Ismar-Rebitz, Ulrich Sommer, Hailong Zhang, and Meixun Zhao
Biogeosciences, 17, 6287–6307, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6287-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Lipids provide crucial insight into the trajectory of ecological functioning in changing environments. We experimentally explore responses of lipid biomarker production in phytoplankton to projected changes in temperature, nutrients and pCO2. Differential responses of lipid biomarkers indicate rearrangements of cellular carbon pools under future ocean scenarios. Such variations in lipid biomarker production would have important impacts on marine ecological functions and biogeochemical cycles.
Rong Bi, Stefanie M. H. Ismar-Rebitz, Ulrich Sommer, Hailong Zhang, and Meixun Zhao
Biogeosciences, 17, 6287–6307, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6287-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Lipids provide crucial insight into the trajectory of ecological functioning in changing environments. We experimentally explore responses of lipid biomarker production in phytoplankton to projected changes in temperature, nutrients and pCO2. Differential responses of lipid biomarkers indicate rearrangements of cellular carbon pools under future ocean scenarios. Such variations in lipid biomarker production would have important impacts on marine ecological functions and biogeochemical cycles.
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Climate Change
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater
Bioclimatic change as a function of global warming from CMIP6 climate projections
Reconciling different approaches to quantifying land surface temperature impacts of afforestation using satellite observations
Drivers of intermodel uncertainty in land carbon sink projections
Reviews and syntheses: A framework to observe, understand and project ecosystem response to environmental change in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean
Acidification impacts and acclimation potential of Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages in naturally discharging low-pH water
Monitoring vegetation condition using microwave remote sensing: the standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI)
Evaluation of soil carbon simulation in CMIP6 Earth system models
Diazotrophy as a key driver of the response of marine net primary productivity to climate change
Impact of negative and positive CO2 emissions on global warming metrics using an ensemble of Earth system model simulations
Acidification, deoxygenation, and nutrient and biomass declines in a warming Mediterranean Sea
Ocean alkalinity enhancement – avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation during quick and hydrated lime dissolution
Assessment of the impacts of biological nitrogen fixation structural uncertainty in CMIP6 earth system models
Soil carbon loss in warmed subarctic grasslands is rapid and restricted to topsoil
The European forest carbon budget under future climate conditions and current management practices
The influence of mesoscale climate drivers on hypoxia in a fjord-like deep coastal inlet and its potential implications regarding climate change: examining a decade of water quality data
Contrasting responses of phytoplankton productivity between coastal and offshore surface waters in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea to short-term seawater acidification
Modeling interactions between tides, storm surges, and river discharges in the Kapuas River delta
The application of dendrometers to alpine dwarf shrubs – a case study to investigate stem growth responses to environmental conditions
Climate, land cover and topography: essential ingredients in predicting wetland permanence
Not all biodiversity rich spots are climate refugia
Evaluating the dendroclimatological potential of blue intensity on multiple conifer species from Tasmania and New Zealand
Anthropogenic CO2-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans
Quantifying the role of moss in terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in northern high latitudes
On the influence of erect shrubs on the irradiance profile in snow
Tolerance of tropical marine microphytobenthos exposed to elevated irradiance and temperature
Persistent impacts of the 2018 drought on forest disturbance regimes in Europe
Reviews and syntheses: Arctic fire regimes and emissions in the 21st century
Slowdown of the greening trend in natural vegetation with further rise in atmospheric CO2
Effects of elevated CO2 and extreme climatic events on forage quality and in vitro rumen fermentation in permanent grassland
Cushion bog plant community responses to passive warming in southern Patagonia
Blue carbon stocks and exchanges along the California coast
Oceanic primary production decline halved in eddy-resolving simulations of global warming
Assessing climate change impacts on live fuel moisture and wildfire risk using a hydrodynamic vegetation model
Does drought advance the onset of autumn leaf senescence in temperate deciduous forest trees?
Ocean carbon cycle feedbacks in CMIP6 models: contributions from different basins
Sensitivity of 21st-century projected ocean new production changes to idealized biogeochemical model structure
Ocean carbon uptake under aggressive emission mitigation
Effects of Earth system feedbacks on the potential mitigation of large-scale tropical forest restoration
Wetter environment and increased grazing reduced the area burned in northern Eurasia from 2002 to 2016
Physiological responses of Skeletonema costatum to the interactions of seawater acidification and the combination of photoperiod and temperature
Technical note: Interpreting pH changes
Timing of drought in the growing season and strong legacy effects determine the annual productivity of temperate grasses in a changing climate
Contrasting responses of woody and herbaceous vegetation to altered rainfall characteristics in the Sahel
Reduced growth with increased quotas of particulate organic and inorganic carbon in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under future ocean climate change conditions
Ocean-related global change alters lipid biomarker production in common marine phytoplankton
Multi-decadal changes in structural complexity following mass coral mortality on a Caribbean reef
Stable isotopes track the ecological and biogeochemical legacy of mass mangrove forest dieback in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia
Global climate response to idealized deforestation in CMIP6 models
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Morgan Sparey, Peter Cox, and Mark S. Williamson
Biogeosciences, 20, 451–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate climate models are vital for mitigating climate change; however, projections often disagree. Using Köppen–Geiger bioclimate classifications we show that CMIP6 climate models agree well on the fraction of global land surface that will change classification per degree of global warming. We find that 13 % of land will change climate per degree of warming from 1 to 3 K; thus, stabilising warming at 1.5 rather than 2 K would save over 7.5 million square kilometres from bioclimatic change.
Huanhuan Wang, Chao Yue, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provided a synthesis of three influential methods to quantify afforestation impact on surface temperature. Results showed that actual effect following afforestation was highly dependent on afforestation fraction. When full afforestation is assumed, the actual effect approaches the potential effect. We provided evidence the afforestation faction is a key factor in reconciling different methods and emphasized that it should be considered for surface cooling impacts in policy evaluation.
Ryan S. Padrón, Lukas Gudmundsson, Laibao Liu, Vincent Humphrey, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Biogeosciences, 19, 5435–5448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The answer to how much carbon land ecosystems are projected to remove from the atmosphere until 2100 is different for each Earth system model. We find that differences across models are primarily explained by the annual land carbon sink dependence on temperature and soil moisture, followed by the dependence on CO2 air concentration, and by average climate conditions. Our insights on why each model projects a relatively high or low land carbon sink can help to reduce the underlying uncertainty.
Julian Gutt, Stefanie Arndt, David Keith Alan Barnes, Horst Bornemann, Thomas Brey, Olaf Eisen, Hauke Flores, Huw Griffiths, Christian Haas, Stefan Hain, Tore Hattermann, Christoph Held, Mario Hoppema, Enrique Isla, Markus Janout, Céline Le Bohec, Heike Link, Felix Christopher Mark, Sebastien Moreau, Scarlett Trimborn, Ilse van Opzeeland, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Fokje Schaafsma, Katharina Teschke, Sandra Tippenhauer, Anton Van de Putte, Mia Wege, Daniel Zitterbart, and Dieter Piepenburg
Biogeosciences, 19, 5313–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of environmental change on biotas. We present a multidisciplinary framework for such largely lacking investigations in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, combined with case studies, experimental and modelling work. As climate change is still minor here but is projected to start soon, the timely implementation of this framework provides the unique opportunity to document its ecological impacts from the very onset.
Daniel François, Adina Paytan, Olga Maria Oliveira de Araújo, Ricardo Tadeu Lopes, and Cátia Fernandes Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 19, 5269–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis revealed that under the two most conservative acidification projections foraminifera assemblages did not display considerable changes. However, a significant decrease in species richness was observed when pH decreases to 7.7 pH units, indicating adverse effects under high-acidification scenarios. A micro-CT analysis revealed that calcified tests of Archaias angulatus were of lower density in low pH, suggesting no acclimation capacity for this species.
Leander Moesinger, Ruxandra-Maria Zotta, Robin van der Schalie, Tracy Scanlon, Richard de Jeu, and Wouter Dorigo
Biogeosciences, 19, 5107–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI) can be used to monitor the vegetation condition, such as whether the vegetation is unusually dry or wet. SVODI has global coverage, spans the past 3 decades and is derived from multiple spaceborne passive microwave sensors of that period. SVODI is based on a new probabilistic merging method that allows the merging of normally distributed data even if the data are not gap-free.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 19, 4671–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon is the Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon store, and the response to climate change represents one of the key uncertainties in obtaining accurate global carbon budgets required to successfully militate against climate change. The ability of climate models to simulate present-day soil carbon is therefore vital. This study assesses soil carbon simulation in the latest ensemble of models which allows key areas for future model development to be identified.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Negar Vakilifard, Richard G. Williams, Philip B. Holden, Katherine Turner, Neil R. Edwards, and David J. Beerling
Biogeosciences, 19, 4249–4265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To remain within the Paris climate agreement, there is an increasing need to develop and implement carbon capture and sequestration techniques. The global climate benefits of implementing negative emission technologies over the next century are assessed using an Earth system model covering a wide range of plausible climate states. In some model realisations, there is continued warming after emissions cease. This continued warming is avoided if negative emissions are incorporated.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Charly A. Moras, Lennart T. Bach, Tyler Cyronak, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 19, 3537–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
Taraka Davies-Barnard, Sönke Zaehle, and Pierre Friedlingstein
Biogeosciences, 19, 3491–3503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biological nitrogen fixation is the largest natural input of new nitrogen onto land. Earth system models mainly represent global total terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation within observational uncertainties but overestimate tropical fixation. The model range of increase in biological nitrogen fixation in the SSP3-7.0 scenario is 3 % to 87 %. While biological nitrogen fixation is a key source of new nitrogen, its predictive power for net primary productivity in models is limited.
Niel Verbrigghe, Niki I. W. Leblans, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Sara Vicca, Chao Fang, Lucia Fuchslueger, Jennifer L. Soong, James T. Weedon, Christopher Poeplau, Cristina Ariza-Carricondo, Michael Bahn, Bertrand Guenet, Per Gundersen, Gunnhildur E. Gunnarsdóttir, Thomas Kätterer, Zhanfeng Liu, Marja Maljanen, Sara Marañón-Jiménez, Kathiravan Meeran, Edda S. Oddsdóttir, Ivika Ostonen, Josep Peñuelas, Andreas Richter, Jordi Sardans, Páll Sigurðsson, Margaret S. Torn, Peter M. Van Bodegom, Erik Verbruggen, Tom W. N. Walker, Håkan Wallander, and Ivan A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 19, 3381–3393, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In subarctic grassland on a geothermal warming gradient, we found large reductions in topsoil carbon stocks, with carbon stocks linearly declining with warming intensity. Most importantly, however, we observed that soil carbon stocks stabilised within 5 years of warming and remained unaffected by warming thereafter, even after > 50 years of warming. Moreover, in contrast to the large topsoil carbon losses, subsoil carbon stocks remained unaffected after > 50 years of soil warming.
Roberto Pilli, Ramdane Alkama, Alessandro Cescatti, Werner A. Kurz, and Giacomo Grassi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3263–3284, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To become carbon neutral by 2050, the European Union (EU27) forest C sink should increase to −450 Mt CO2 yr-1. Our study highlights that under current management practices (i.e. excluding any policy scenario) the forest C sink of the EU27 member states and the UK may decrease to about −250 Mt CO2eq yr-1 in 2050. The expected impacts of future climate change, however, add a considerable uncertainty, potentially nearly doubling or halving the sink associated with forest management.
Johnathan Daniel Maxey, Neil David Hartstein, Aazani Mujahid, and Moritz Müller
Biogeosciences, 19, 3131–3150, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep coastal inlets are important sites for regulating land-based organic pollution before it enters coastal oceans. This study focused on how large climate forces, rainfall, and river flow impact organic loading and oxygen conditions in a coastal inlet in Tasmania. Increases in rainfall were linked to higher organic loading and lower oxygen in basin waters. Finally we observed a significant correlation between the Southern Annular Mode and oxygen concentrations in the system's basin waters.
Guang Gao, Tifeng Wang, Jiazhen Sun, Xin Zhao, Lifang Wang, Xianghui Guo, and Kunshan Gao
Biogeosciences, 19, 2795–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
After conducting large-scale deck-incubation experiments, we found that seawater acidification (SA) increased primary production (PP) in coastal waters but reduced it in pelagic zones, which is mainly regulated by local pH, light intensity, salinity, and community structure. In future oceans, SA combined with decreased upward transports of nutrients may synergistically reduce PP in pelagic zones.
Joko Sampurno, Valentin Vallaeys, Randy Ardianto, and Emmanuel Hanert
Biogeosciences, 19, 2741–2757, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2741-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2741-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first assessment to evaluate the interactions between river discharges, tides, and storm surges and how they can drive compound flooding in the Kapuas River delta. We successfully created a realistic hydrodynamic model whose domain covers the land–sea continuum using a wetting–drying algorithm in a data-scarce environment. We then proposed a new method to delineate compound flooding hazard zones along the river channels based on the maximum water level profiles.
Svenja Dobbert, Roland Pape, and Jörg Löffler
Biogeosciences, 19, 1933–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how vegetation might respond to climate change is especially important in arctic–alpine ecosystems, where major shifts in shrub growth have been observed. We studied how such changes come to pass and how future changes might look by measuring hourly variations in the stem diameter of dwarf shrubs from one common species. From these data, we are able to discern information about growth mechanisms and can thus show the complexity of shrub growth and micro-environment relations.
Jody Daniel, Rebecca C. Rooney, and Derek T. Robinson
Biogeosciences, 19, 1547–1570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1547-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1547-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The threat posed by climate change to prairie pothole wetlands is well documented, but gaps remain in our ability to make meaningful predictions about how prairie pothole wetlands will respond. We integrate aspects of topography, land cover/land use and climate to model the permanence class of tens of thousands of wetlands at the western edge of the Prairie Pothole Region.
Ádám T. Kocsis, Qianshuo Zhao, Mark J. Costello, and Wolfgang Kiessling
Biogeosciences, 18, 6567–6578, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6567-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6567-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biodiversity is under threat from the effects of global warming, and assessing the effects of climate change on areas of high species richness is of prime importance to conservation. Terrestrial and freshwater rich spots have been and will be less affected by climate change than other areas. However, marine rich spots of biodiversity are expected to experience more pronounced warming.
Rob Wilson, Kathy Allen, Patrick Baker, Gretel Boswijk, Brendan Buckley, Edward Cook, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Dan Druckenbrod, Anthony Fowler, Margaux Grandjean, Paul Krusic, and Jonathan Palmer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We explore blue intensity (BI) – a low-cost method for measuring ring density – to enhance palaeoclimatology in Australasia. Calibration experiments, using several conifer species from Tasmania and New Zealand, model 50–80 % of the summer temperature variance. The implications of these results have profound consequences for high-resolution paleoclimatology in Australasia, as the speed and cheapness of BI generation could lead to a step change in our understanding of past climate in the region.
Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez, Pou-Long Kuan, Po-Hsuan Sung, Mao-Ting Hsu, Garett J. P. Allen, Pung Pung Hwang, Yung-Che Tseng, and Dirk Weihrauch
Biogeosciences, 18, 6287–6300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. We aimed to determine the impact of future freshwater acidification on the physiology and behaviour of an important aquaculture crustacean, Chinese mitten crabs. We report that elevated freshwater CO2 levels lead to impairment of calcification, locomotor behaviour, and survival and reduced metabolism in this species. Results suggest that present-day calcifying invertebrates could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification.
Junrong Zha and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 18, 6245–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study incorporated moss into an extant biogeochemistry model to simulate the role of moss in carbon dynamics in the Arctic. The interactions between higher plants and mosses and their competition for energy, water, and nutrients are considered in our study. We found that, compared with the previous model without moss, the new model estimated a much higher carbon accumulation in the region during the last century and this century.
Maria Belke-Brea, Florent Domine, Ghislain Picard, Mathieu Barrere, and Laurent Arnaud
Biogeosciences, 18, 5851–5869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Expanding shrubs in the Arctic change snowpacks into a mix of snow, impurities and buried branches. Snow is a translucent medium into which light penetrates and gets partly absorbed by branches or impurities. Measurements of light attenuation in snow in Northern Quebec, Canada, showed (1) black-carbon-dominated light attenuation in snowpacks without shrubs and (2) buried branches influence radiation attenuation in snow locally, leading to melting and pockets of large crystals close to branches.
Sazlina Salleh and Andrew McMinn
Biogeosciences, 18, 5313–5326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The benthic diatom communities in Tanjung Rhu, Malaysia, were regularly exposed to high light and temperature variability during the tidal cycle, resulting in low photosynthetic efficiency. We examined the impact of high temperatures on diatoms' photosynthetic capacities, and temperatures beyond 50 °C caused severe photoinhibition. At the same time, those diatoms exposed to temperatures of 40 °C did not show any sign of photoinhibition.
Cornelius Senf and Rupert Seidl
Biogeosciences, 18, 5223–5230, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Europe was affected by an extreme drought in 2018. We show that this drought has increased forest disturbances across Europe, especially central and eastern Europe. Disturbance levels observed 2018–2020 were the highest on record for 30 years. Increased forest disturbances were correlated with low moisture and high atmospheric water demand. The unprecedented impacts of the 2018 drought on forest disturbances demonstrate an urgent need to adapt Europe’s forests to a hotter and drier future.
Jessica L. McCarty, Juha Aalto, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Steve R. Arnold, Sabine Eckhardt, Zbigniew Klimont, Justin J. Fain, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Ari Venäläinen, Nadezhda M. Tchebakova, Elena I. Parfenova, Kaarle Kupiainen, Amber J. Soja, Lin Huang, and Simon Wilson
Biogeosciences, 18, 5053–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A review and synthesis of current scientific literature find climate change and human activity in the north are fuelling an emerging Arctic fire regime, causing more black carbon and methane emissions within the Arctic. Uncertainties persist in characterizing future fire landscapes, and thus emissions, as well as policy-relevant challenges in understanding, monitoring, and managing Arctic fire regimes.
Alexander J. Winkler, Ranga B. Myneni, Alexis Hannart, Stephen Sitch, Vanessa Haverd, Danica Lombardozzi, Vivek K. Arora, Julia Pongratz, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Daniel S. Goll, Etsushi Kato, Hanqin Tian, Almut Arneth, Pierre Friedlingstein, Atul K. Jain, Sönke Zaehle, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 18, 4985–5010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations since the early 1980s show that Earth's greening trend is slowing down and that browning clusters have been emerging, especially in the last 2 decades. A collection of model simulations in conjunction with causal theory points at climatic changes as a key driver of vegetation changes in natural ecosystems. Most models underestimate the observed vegetation browning, especially in tropical rainforests, which could be due to an excessive CO2 fertilization effect in models.
Vincent Niderkorn, Annette Morvan-Bertrand, Aline Le Morvan, Angela Augusti, Marie-Laure Decau, and Catherine Picon-Cochard
Biogeosciences, 18, 4841–4853, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4841-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4841-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change can change vegetation characteristics in grasslands with a potential impact on forage chemical composition and quality, as well as its use by ruminants. Using controlled conditions mimicking a future climatic scenario, we show that forage quality and ruminant digestion are affected in opposite ways by elevated atmospheric CO2 and an extreme event (heat wave, severe drought), indicating that different factors of climate change have to be considered together.
Verónica Pancotto, David Holl, Julio Escobar, María Florencia Castagnani, and Lars Kutzbach
Biogeosciences, 18, 4817–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4817-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4817-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the response of a wetland plant community to elevated temperature conditions in a cushion bog on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. We measured carbon dioxide fluxes at experimentally warmed plots and at control plots. Warmed plant communities sequestered between 55 % and 85 % less carbon dioxide than untreated control cushions over the main growing season. Our results suggest that even moderate future warming could decrease the carbon sink function of austral cushion bogs.
Melissa A. Ward, Tessa M. Hill, Chelsey Souza, Tessa Filipczyk, Aurora M. Ricart, Sarah Merolla, Lena R. Capece, Brady C O'Donnell, Kristen Elsmore, Walter C. Oechel, and Kathryn M. Beheshti
Biogeosciences, 18, 4717–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Salt marshes and seagrass meadows ("blue carbon" habitats) can sequester and store high levels of organic carbon (OC), helping to mitigate climate change. In California blue carbon sediments, we quantified OC storage and exchange between these habitats. We find that (1) these salt marshes store about twice as much OC as seagrass meadows do and (2), while OC from seagrass meadows is deposited into neighboring salt marshes, little of this material is sequestered as "long-term" carbon.
Damien Couespel, Marina Lévy, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 18, 4321–4349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An alarming consequence of climate change is the oceanic primary production decline projected by Earth system models. These coarse-resolution models parameterize oceanic eddies. Here, idealized simulations of global warming with increasing resolution show that the decline in primary production in the eddy-resolved simulations is half as large as in the eddy-parameterized simulations. This stems from the high sensitivity of the subsurface nutrient transport to model resolution.
Wu Ma, Lu Zhai, Alexandria Pivovaroff, Jacquelyn Shuman, Polly Buotte, Junyan Ding, Bradley Christoffersen, Ryan Knox, Max Moritz, Rosie A. Fisher, Charles D. Koven, Lara Kueppers, and Chonggang Xu
Biogeosciences, 18, 4005–4020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a hydrodynamic demographic vegetation model to estimate live fuel moisture dynamics of chaparral shrubs, a dominant vegetation type in fire-prone southern California. Our results suggest that multivariate climate change could cause a significant net reduction in live fuel moisture and thus exacerbate future wildfire danger in chaparral shrub systems.
Bertold Mariën, Inge Dox, Hans J. De Boeck, Patrick Willems, Sebastien Leys, Dimitri Papadimitriou, and Matteo Campioli
Biogeosciences, 18, 3309–3330, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The drivers of the onset of autumn leaf senescence for several deciduous tree species are still unclear. Therefore, we addressed (i) if drought impacts the timing of autumn leaf senescence and (ii) if the relationship between drought and autumn leaf senescence depends on the tree species. Our study suggests that the timing of autumn leaf senescence is conservative across years and species and even independent of drought stress.
Anna Katavouta and Richard G. Williams
Biogeosciences, 18, 3189–3218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diagnostics of the latest-generation Earth system models reveal the ocean will continue to absorb a large fraction of the anthropogenic carbon released to the atmosphere in the next century, with the Atlantic Ocean storing a large amount of this carbon relative to its size. The ability of the ocean to absorb carbon will reduce in the future as the ocean warms and acidifies. This reduction is larger in the Atlantic Ocean due to a weakening of the meridional overturning with changes in climate.
Genevieve Jay Brett, Daniel B. Whitt, Matthew C. Long, Frank Bryan, Kate Feloy, and Kelvin J. Richards
Biogeosciences, 18, 3123–3145, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify one form of uncertainty in modeled 21st-century changes in phytoplankton growth. The supply of nutrients from deep to surface waters decreases in the warmer future ocean, but the effect on phytoplankton growth also depends on changes in available light, how much light and nutrient the plankton need, and how fast they can grow. These phytoplankton properties can be summarized as a biological timescale: when it is short, future growth decreases twice as much as when it is long.
Sean M. Ridge and Galen A. McKinley
Biogeosciences, 18, 2711–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2711-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2711-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Approximately 40 % of the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production have been absorbed by the ocean. The goal of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement is to reduce humanity's emissions so as to limit global warming to no more than 2 °C, and ideally less than 1.5 °C. If we achieve this level of mitigation, the ocean's uptake of carbon will be strongly reduced. Excess carbon trapped in the near-surface ocean will begin to mix back to the surface and will limit additional uptake.
Alexander Koch, Chris Brierley, and Simon L. Lewis
Biogeosciences, 18, 2627–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of large-scale tree planting and forest restoration as a carbon sequestration tool typically miss a crucial aspect: the Earth system response to the increased land carbon sink from new vegetation. We assess the impact of tropical forest restoration using an Earth system model under a scenario that limits warming to 2 °C. Almost two-thirds of the carbon impact of forest restoration is offset by negative carbon cycle feedbacks, suggesting a more modest benefit than in previous studies.
Wei Min Hao, Matthew C. Reeves, L. Scott Baggett, Yves Balkanski, Philippe Ciais, Bryce L. Nordgren, Alexander Petkov, Rachel E. Corley, Florent Mouillot, Shawn P. Urbanski, and Chao Yue
Biogeosciences, 18, 2559–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2559-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2559-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of the area burned in northern Eurasia from 2002 to 2016. The annual area burned in this region declined by 53 % during the 15-year period under analysis. Grassland fires in Kazakhstan dominated the fire activity, comprising 47 % of the area burned but accounting for 84 % of the decline. A wetter climate and the increase in grazing livestock in Kazakhstan are the major factors contributing to the decline in the area burned.
Hangxiao Li, Tianpeng Xu, Jing Ma, Futian Li, and Juntian Xu
Biogeosciences, 18, 1439–1449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Few studies have investigated effects of ocean acidification and seasonal changes in temperature and day length on marine diatoms. We cultured a marine diatom under two CO2 levels and three combinations of temperature and day length, simulating different seasons, to investigate combined effects of these factors. Acidification had contrasting effects under different combinations, indicating that the future ocean may show different effects on diatoms in different clusters of factors.
Andrea J. Fassbender, James C. Orr, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1407–1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A decline in upper-ocean pH with time is typically ascribed to ocean acidification. A more quantitative interpretation is often confused by failing to recognize the implications of pH being a logarithmic transform of hydrogen ion concentration rather than an absolute measure. This can lead to an unwitting misinterpretation of pH data. We provide three real-world examples illustrating this and recommend the reporting of both hydrogen ion concentration and pH in studies of ocean chemical change.
Claudia Hahn, Andreas Lüscher, Sara Ernst-Hasler, Matthias Suter, and Ansgar Kahmen
Biogeosciences, 18, 585–604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
While existing studies focus on the immediate effects of drought events on grassland productivity, long-term effects are mostly neglected. But, to conclude universal outcomes, studies must consider comprehensive ecosystem mechanisms. In our study, we found that the resistance of growth rates to drought in grasses varies across seasons, and positive legacy effects of drought indicate a high resilience. The high resilience compensates for immediate drought effects on grasses to a large extent.
Wim Verbruggen, Guy Schurgers, Stéphanie Horion, Jonas Ardö, Paulo N. Bernardino, Bernard Cappelaere, Jérôme Demarty, Rasmus Fensholt, Laurent Kergoat, Thomas Sibret, Torbern Tagesson, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 18, 77–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-77-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A large part of Earth's land surface is covered by dryland ecosystems, which are subject to climate extremes that are projected to increase under future climate scenarios. By using a mathematical vegetation model, we studied the impact of single years of extreme rainfall on the vegetation in the Sahel. We found a contrasting response of grasses and trees to these extremes, strongly dependent on the way precipitation is spread over the rainy season, as well as a long-term impact on CO2 uptake.
Yong Zhang, Sinéad Collins, and Kunshan Gao
Biogeosciences, 17, 6357–6375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6357-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6357-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our results show that ocean acidification, warming, increased light exposure and reduced nutrient availability significantly reduce the growth rate but increase particulate organic and inorganic carbon in cells in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, indicating biogeochemical consequences of future ocean changes on the calcifying microalga. Concurrent changes in nutrient concentrations and pCO2 levels predominantly affected E. huxleyi growth, photosynthetic carbon fixation and calcification.
Rong Bi, Stefanie M. H. Ismar-Rebitz, Ulrich Sommer, Hailong Zhang, and Meixun Zhao
Biogeosciences, 17, 6287–6307, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6287-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Lipids provide crucial insight into the trajectory of ecological functioning in changing environments. We experimentally explore responses of lipid biomarker production in phytoplankton to projected changes in temperature, nutrients and pCO2. Differential responses of lipid biomarkers indicate rearrangements of cellular carbon pools under future ocean scenarios. Such variations in lipid biomarker production would have important impacts on marine ecological functions and biogeochemical cycles.
George Roff, Jennifer Joseph, and Peter J. Mumby
Biogeosciences, 17, 5909–5918, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In recent decades, extensive mortality of reef-building corals throughout the Caribbean region has led to the erosion of reef frameworks and declines in biodiversity. Using field observations, models, and high-precision U–Th dating, we quantified changes in the structural complexity of coral reef frameworks over the past 2 decades. Structural complexity was stable at reef scales, yet bioerosion led to declines in small-scale microhabitat complexity with cascading effects on cryptic fauna.
Yota Harada, Rod M. Connolly, Brian Fry, Damien T. Maher, James Z. Sippo, Luke C. Jeffrey, Adam J. Bourke, and Shing Yip Lee
Biogeosciences, 17, 5599–5613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5599-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5599-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015–2016, an extensive area of mangroves along ~ 1000 km of coastline in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, experienced dieback as a result of a climatic extreme event that included drought conditions and low sea levels. Multiannual field campaigns conducted from 2016 to 2018 show substantial recovery of the mangrove vegetation. However, stable isotopes suggest long-lasting changes in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycling following the dieback.
Lena R. Boysen, Victor Brovkin, Julia Pongratz, David M. Lawrence, Peter Lawrence, Nicolas Vuichard, Philippe Peylin, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yanwu Zhang, Matthias Rocher, Christine Delire, Roland Séférian, Vivek K. Arora, Lars Nieradzik, Peter Anthoni, Wim Thiery, Marysa M. Laguë, Deborah Lawrence, and Min-Hui Lo
Biogeosciences, 17, 5615–5638, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5615-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We find a biogeophysically induced global cooling with strong carbon losses in a 20 million square kilometre idealized deforestation experiment performed by nine CMIP6 Earth system models. It takes many decades for the temperature signal to emerge, with non-local effects playing an important role. Despite a consistent experimental setup, models diverge substantially in their climate responses. This study offers unprecedented insights for understanding land use change effects in CMIP6 models.
Cited articles
Alexander, H.: Defining the ecological and physiological traits of
phytplankton across marine ecosystems, Ph.D. thesis, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA, 179 pp., 2016.
Anderson, T. R. and Pond, D. W.: Stoichiometric theory extended to
micronutrients: Comparison of the roles of essential fatty acids, carbon, and
nitrogen in the nutrition of marine copepods, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45,
1162–1167, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.5.1162, 2000.
Anderson, T. R., Boersma, M., and Raubenheimer, D.: Stoichiometry: linking
elements to biochemicals, Ecology, 85, 1193–1202, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0252,
2004.
Arndt, C. and Sommer, U.: Effect of algal species and concentration on
development and fatty acid composition of two harpacticoid copepods, Tisbe sp.
and Tachidius discipes, and a discussion about their suitability for marine fish larvae,
Aquacult. Nutr., 20, 44–59, https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12051, 2014.
Bach, L. T., Mackinder, L. C. M., Schulz, K. G., Wheeler, G., Schroeder, D.
C., Brownlee, C., and Riebesell, U.: Dissecting the impact of CO2 and
pH on the mechanisms of photosynthesis and calcification in the
coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, New Phytol., 199, 121–134, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12225, 2013.
Beaufort, L., Probert, I., de Garidel-Thoron, T., Bendif, E. M., Ruiz-Pino,
D., Metzl, N., Goyet, C., Buchet, N., Coupel, P., Grelaud, M., Rost, B.,
Rickaby, R. E. M., and de Vargas, C.: Sensitivity of coccolithophores to
carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification, Nature, 476, 80–83, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10295, 2011.
Bermúdez, J. R., Riebesell, U., Larsen, A., and Winder, M.: Ocean
acidification reduces transfer of essential biomolecules in a natural
plankton community, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 27749, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27749, 2016.
Bi, R., Arndt, C., and Sommer, U.: Stoichiometric responses of phytoplankton
species to the interactive effect of nutrient supply ratios and growth
rates, J. Phycol., 48, 539–549, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01163.x, 2012.
Bi, R., Arndt, C., and Sommer, U.: Linking elements to biochemicals: effects
of nutrient supply ratios and growth rates on fatty acid composition of
phytoplankton species, J. Phycol., 50, 117–130, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12140,
2014.
Bi, R., Ismar, S. M. H., Sommer, U., and Zhao, M.: Environmental dependence
of the correlations between stoichiometric and fatty acid-based indicators
of phytoplankton food quality, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 334–347, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10429, 2017.
Bolker, B. M., Brooks, M. E., Clark, C. J., Geange, S. W., Poulsen, J. R.,
Stevens, M. H. H., and White, J.-S. S.: Generalized linear mixed models: a
practical guide for ecology and evolution, Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 127–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008, 2009.
Borchard, C. and Engel, A.: Organic matter exudation by Emiliania huxleyi under simulated
future ocean conditions, Biogeosciences, 9, 3405–3423, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3405-2012, 2012.
Boyd, P. W., Strzepek, R., Fu, F., and Hutchins, D. A.: Environmental control
of open-ocean phytoplankton groups: Now and in the future, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
55, 1353–1376, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.1353, 2010.
Boyd, P. W., Lennartz, S. T., Glover, D. M., and Doney, S. C.: Biological
ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressors, Nature
Climate
Change, 5, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2441, 2015.
Bracewell, S. A., Johnston, E. L., and Clark, G. F.: Latitudinal variation
in the competition-colonisation trade-off reveals rate-mediated mechanisms
of coexistence, Ecol. Lett., 20, 947–957, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12791, 2017.
Charalampopoulou, A., Poulton, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Lucas, M. I.,
Stinchcombe, M. C., and Tyrrell, T.: Environmental drivers of
coccolithophore abundance and calcification across Drake Passage (Southern
Ocean), Biogeosciences, 13, 5717–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5917-2016, 2016.
Christensen, M. R., Graham, M. D., Vinebrooke, R. D., Findlay, D. L.,
Paterson, M. J., and Turner, M. A.: Multiple anthropogenic stressors cause
ecological surprises in boreal lakes, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2316–2322,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01257.x, 2006.
Crain, C. M., Kroeker, K., and Halpern, B. S.: Interactive and cumulative
effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems, Ecol. Lett., 11,
1304–1315, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01253.x, 2008.
Dalsgaard, J., St. John, M., Kattner, G., Müller-Navarra, D., and Hagen,
W.: Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment, Adv. Mar.
Biol., 46, 225–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(03)46005-7, 2003.
De Bodt, C., Van Oostende, N., Harlay, J., Sabbe, K., and Chou, L.:
Individual and interacting effects of pCO2 and temperature on
Emiliania huxleyi calcification: study of the calcite production, the
coccolith morphology and the coccosphere size, Biogeosciences, 7, 1401–1412,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1401-2010, 2010.
Delille, B., Harlay, J., Zondervan, I., Jacquet, S., Chou, L., Wollast, R.,
Bellerby, R. G. J., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A. V., Riebesell, U., and
Gattuso, J. P.: Response of primary production and calcification to changes
of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid
Emiliania huxleyi, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002318, 2005.
Dickson, A. and Millero, F.: A comparison of the equilibrium constants for
the dissociations of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res., 34,
1733–1741, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5, 1987.
Doney, S. C., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, J. E., Barry, J. P., Chan, F., English,
C. A., Galindo, H. M., Grebmeier, J. M., Hollowed, A. B., Knowlton, N.,
Polovina, J., Rabalais, N. N., Sydeman, W. J., and Talley, L. D.: Climate
change impacts on marine ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, 11–37,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611, 2012.
Engel, A., Zondervan, I., Aerts, K., Beaufort, L., Benthien, A., Chou, L.,
Delille, B., Gattuso, J. P., Harlay, J., Heemann, C., Hoffmann, L., Jacquet,
S., Nejstgaard, J., Pizay, M. D., Rochelle-Newall, E., Schneider, U.,
Terbrueggen, A., and Riebesell, U.: Testing the direct effect of CO2
concentration on a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi
in mesocosm experiments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 493–507,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.2.0493, 2005.
Feng, Y., Warner, M. E., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Fu, F.-X., Rose, J. M., and
Hutchins, D. A.: Interactive effects of increased pCO2, temperature
and irradiance on the marine coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi
(Prymnesiophyceae), Eur. J. Phycol., 43, 87–98,
https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260701664674, 2008.
Feng, Y., Roleda, M. Y., Armstrong, E., Boyd, P. W., and Hurd, C. L.:
Environmental controls on the growth, photosynthetic and calcification rates
of a Southern Hemisphere strain of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 519–540, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10442, 2017a.
Feng, Y., Roleda, M. Y., Armstrong, E., Law, C. S., Boyd, P. W., and Hurd, C.
L.: Environmental controls on the elemental composition of a Southern
Hemisphere strain of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi,
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-332, in review,
2017b.
Fields, M. W., Hise, A., Lohman, E. J., Bell, T., Gardner, R. D., Corredor,
L., Moll, K., Peyton, B. M., Characklis, G. W., and Gerlach, R.: Sources and
resources: importance of nutrients, resource allocation, and ecology in
microalgal cultivation for lipid accumulation, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 98,
4805–4816, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5694-7, 2014.
Fiorini, S., Gattuso, J.-P., van Rijswijk, P., and Middelburg, J.:
Coccolithophores lipid and carbon isotope composition and their variability
related to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
394, 74–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.020, 2010.
Frère, C. H., Kruetzen, M., Mann, J., Connor, R. C., Bejder, L., and
Sherwin, W. B.: Social and genetic interactions drive fitness variation in a
free-living dolphin population, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 19949–19954,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007997107, 2010.
Fuschino, J. R., Guschina, I. A., Dobson, G., Yan, N. D., Harwood, J. L., and
Arts, M. T.: Rising water temperatures alter lipid dynamics and reduce N-3
essential fatty acid concentrations in Scenedesmus obliquus
(Chlorophyta), J. Phycol., 47, 763–774,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01024.x, 2011.
Galbraith, E. D. and Martiny, A. C.: A simple nutrient-dependence mechanism
for predicting the stoichiometry of marine ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 112, 8199–8204, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423917112, 2015.
Galloway, A. W. E. and Winder, M.: Partitioning the relative importance of
phylogeny and environmental conditions on phytoplankton fatty acids, Plos
One, 10, e0130053, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130053, 2015.
Garzke, J., Hansen, T., Ismar, S. M. H., and Sommer, U.: Combined effects of
ocean warming and acidification on copepod abundance, body size and fatty
acid content, Plos One, 11, e0155952, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155952, 2016.
Garzke, J., Sommer, U., and Ismar, S. M. H.: Is the chemical composition of
biomass the agent by which ocean acidification influences on zooplankton
ecology?, Aquat. Sci., 79, 733–748, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-017-0532-5, 2017.
Guschina, I. A. and Harwood, J. L.: Mechanisms of temperature adaptation in
poikilotherms, Febs Lett., 580, 5477–5483,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.066, 2006.
Hansen, H. P. and Koroleff, F.: Determination of nutrients, in: Methods of
Seawater Analysis, edited by: Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M.,
WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 159–228, 1999.
Hansen, T., Gardeler, B., and Matthiessen, B.: Technical Note: Precise
quantitative measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon from small
amounts of seawater using a gas chromatographic system, Biogeosciences, 10,
6601–6608, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6601-2013, 2013.
Hansson, I.: A new set of acidity constants for carbonic acid and boric acid
in seawater, Deep-Sea Res., 20, 661–678, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(73)90100-9,
1973.
Harada, N., Sato, M., Oguri, K., Hagino, K., Okazaki, Y., Katsuki, K., Tsuji,
Y., Shin, K.-H., Tadai, O., Saitoh, S.-I., Narita, H., Konno, S., Jordan, R.
W., Shiraiwa, Y., and Grebmeier, J.: Enhancement of coccolithophorid blooms
in the Bering Sea by recent environmental changes, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
26, GB2036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004177, 2012.
Hessen, D. O.: Efficiency, energy and stoichiometry in pelagic food webs;
reciprocal roles of food quality and food quantity, Freshwater Rev., 1,
43–57, https://doi.org/10.1608/frj-1.1.3, 2008.
Hixson, S. M. and Arts, M. T.: Climate warming is predicted to reduce
omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton,
Glob. Change Biol., 22, 2744–2755, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13295, 2016.
Hu, Q., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., Posewitz, M., Seibert, M.,
and Darzins, A.: Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel
production: perspectives and advances, Plant J., 54, 621–639,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x, 2008.
Hutchins, D. A. and Fu, F.: Microorganisms and ocean global change, Nat.
Microbiol., 2, 17058, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.58, 2017.
Hutchins, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Fu, F.: Nutrient cycles and marine
microbes in a CO2-enriched ocean, Oceanography, 22, 128–145,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.103, 2009.
IPCC: Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups
I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp., 2014.
Ismar, S. M. H., Hansen, T., and Sommer, U.: Effect of food concentration and
type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development, Mar.
Biol., 154, 335–343, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-0928-9, 2008.
Jónasdóttir, S. H., Visser, A. W., and Jespersen, C.: Assessing the
role of food quality in the production and hatching of Temora longicornis eggs, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 382, 139–150,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07985, 2009.
Jamil, T., Kruk, C., and ter Braak, C. J. F.: A unimodal species response
model relating traits to environment with application to phytoplankton
communities, Plos One, 9, e97583, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097583, 2014.
Joint, I., Doney, S. C., and Karl, D. M.: Will ocean acidification affect
marine microbes?, ISME J., 5, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.79, 2011.
Kamya, P. Z., Byrne, M., Mos, B., Hall, L., and Dworjanyn, S. A.: Indirect
effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile
crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol.
Sci., 284, 20170778, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0778, 2017.
Lampert, W. and Sommer, U.: Limnoecology: The ecology of lakes and streams, 2nd Edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2007.
Langer, G., Oetjen, K., and Brenneis, T.: Coccolithophores do not increase
particulate carbon production under nutrient limitation: A case study using
Emiliania huxleyi (PML B92/11), J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 443,
155–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.040, 2013.
Leonardos, N. and Geider, R. J.: Elemental and biochemical composition of
Rhinomonas reticulata (Cryptophyta) in relation to light and
nitrate-to-phosphate supply ratios, J. Phycol., 41, 567–576,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00082.x, 2005a.
Leonardos, N. and Geider, R. J.: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
increases organic carbon fixation by Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta),
under nutrient-limited high-light conditions, J. Phycol., 41, 1196–1203,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00152.x, 2005b.
Leu, E., Daase, M., Schulz, K. G., Stuhr, A., and Riebesell, U.: Effect of
ocean acidification on the fatty acid composition of a natural plankton
community, Biogeosciences, 10, 1143–1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1143-2013, 2013.
Lewandowska, A. M., Boyce, D. G., Hofmann, M., Matthiessen, B., Sommer, U.,
and Worm, B.: Effects of sea surface warming on marine plankton, Ecol. Lett.,
17, 614–623, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12265, 2014.
Lynn, S. G., Kilham, S. S., Kreeger, D. A., and Interlandi, S. J.: Effect of
nutrient availability on the biochemical and elemental stoichiometry in the
freshwater diatom Stephanodiscus minutulus (Bacillariophyceae), J.
Phycol., 36, 510–522, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.98251.x, 2000.
Malzahn, A. M., Hantzsche, F., Schoo, K. L., Boersma, M., and Aberle, N.:
Differential effects of nutrient-limited primary production on primary,
secondary or tertiary consumers, Oecologia, 162, 35–48,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1458-y, 2010.
Malzahn, A. M., Doerfler, D., and Boersma, M.: Junk food gets healthier when
it's warm, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 1677–1685, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10330, 2016.
Martiny, A. C., Pham, C. T. A., Primeau, F. W., Vrugt, J. A., Moore, J. K.,
Levin, S. A., and Lomas, M. W.: Strong latitudinal patterns in the elemental
ratios of marine plankton and organic matter, Nat. Geosci., 6, 279–283,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1757, 2013.
Matson, P. G., Ladd, T. M., Halewood, E. R., Sangodkar, R. P., Chmelka, B.
F., and Iglesias-Rodriguez, D.: Intraspecific differences in biogeochemical
responses to thermal change in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, Plos One, 11, e0162313, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162313, 2016.
Matthiessen, B., Eggers, S. L., and Krug, S. A.: High nitrate to phosphorus
regime attenuates negative effects of rising pCO2 on total population
carbon accumulation, Biogeosciences, 9, 1195–1203,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1195-2012, 2012.
Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C., Hawley, J., and Pytkowicz, R.: Measurement of
the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at
atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr, 18, 897–907,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.0897, 1973.
Meyer, J. and Riebesell, U.: Reviews and Syntheses: Responses of
coccolithophores to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis, Biogeosciences, 12,
1671–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1671-2015, 2015.
Milner, S., Langer, G., Grelaud, M., and Ziveri, P.: Ocean warming modulates
the effects of acidification on Emiliania huxleyi calcification and
sinking, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 1322–1336, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10292, 2016.
Müller-Navarra, D. C., Brett, M. T., Liston, A. M., and Goldman, C. R.: A
highly unsaturated fatty acid predicts carbon transfer between primary
producers and consumers, Nature, 403, 74–77, https://doi.org/10.1038/47469, 2000.
Nanninga, H. J. and Tyrrell, T.: Importance of light for the formation of
algal blooms by Emiliania huxleyi, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 136,
195–203, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps136195, 1996.
Oviedo, A. M., Langer, G., and Ziveri, P.: Effect of phosphorus limitation on
coccolith morphology and element ratios in Mediterranean strains of the
coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 459,
105–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.04.021, 2014.
Paasche, E.: Roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in coccolith formation in
Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae), Eur. J. Phycol., 33, 33–42,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967026297001480, 1998.
Paasche, E.: A review of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi
(Prymnesiophyceae), with particular reference to growth, coccolith formation,
and calcification-photosynthesis interactions, Phycologia, 40, 503–529,
https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-40-6-503.1, 2002.
Pedro Cañavate, J., Armada, I., and Hachero-Cruzado, I.: Common and
species-specific effects of phosphate on marine microalgae fatty acids shape
their function in phytoplankton trophic ecology, Microb. Ecol., 74, 623–639,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0983-1, 2017.
Perrin, L., Probert, I., Langer, G., and Aloisi, G.: Growth of the
coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in light- and nutrient-limited
batch reactors: relevance for the BIOSOPE deep ecological niche of
coccolithophores, Biogeosciences, 13, 5983–6001,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5983-2016, 2016.
Piepho, M., Arts, M. T., and Wacker, A.: Species-specific variation in fatty
acid concentrations of four phytoplankton species: does phosphorus supply
influence the effect of light intensity or temperature?, J. Phycol., 48,
64–73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01103.x, 2012.
Pierrot, D., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D.: MS Excel program developed for
CO2 system calculations: ORNL/CDIAC-105a, Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2006.
Pronina, N. A., Rogova, N. B., Furnadzhieva, S., and Klyachko-Gurvich, G. L.:
Effect of CO2 concentration on the fatty acid composition of lipids in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cia-3, a mutant deficient in
CO2-concentrating mechanism, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 45, 447–455,
1998.
Provasoli, L.: Growing marine seaweeds, in: Proc. 4th Internatl, Seaweed
Symp., edited by: De Virville, A. D. and Feldmann, J., Pergamon Press,
Oxford, UK, 9–17, 1963.
Raitsos, D. E., Lavender, S. J., Pradhan, Y., Tyrrell, T., Reid, P. C., and
Edwards, M.: Coccolithophore bloom size variation in response to the regional
environment of the subarctic North Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51,
2122–2130, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2122, 2006.
Read, B. A., Kegel, J., Klute, M. J., Kuo, A., Lefebvre, S. C., Maumus, F.,
Mayer, C., Miller, J., Monier, A., Salamov, A., Young, J., Aguilar, M.,
Claverie, J. M., Frickenhaus, S., Gonzalez, K., Herman, E. K., Lin, Y. C.,
Napier, J., Ogata, H., Sarno, A. F., Shmutz, J., Schroeder, D., de Vargas,
C., Verret, F., von Dassow, P., Valentin, K., Van de Peer, Y., Wheeler, G.,
Allen, A. E., Bidle, K., Borodovsky, M., Bowler, C., Brownlee, C., Cock, J.
M., Elias, M., Gladyshev, V. N., Groth, M., Guda, C., Hadaegh, A.,
Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Jenkins, J., Jones, B. M., Lawson, T., Leese, F.,
Lindquist, E., Lobanov, A., Lomsadze, A., Malik, S. B., Marsh, M. E.,
Mackinder, L., Mock, T., Mueller-Roeber, B., Pagarete, A., Parker, M.,
Probert, I., Quesneville, H., Raines, C., Rensing, S. A., Riano-Pachon, D.
M., Richier, S., Rokitta, S., Shiraiwa, Y., Soanes, D. M., van der Giezen,
M., Wahlund, T. M., Williams, B., Wilson, W., Wolfe, G., Wurch, L. L., Dacks,
J. B., Delwiche, C. F., Dyhrman, S. T., Gloeckner, G., John, U., Richards,
T., Worden, A. Z., Zhang, X. Y., and Grigoriev, I. V.: Pan genome of the
phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution, Nature,
499, 209–213, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12221, 2013.
Renaud, S. M., Thinh, L.-V., Lambrinidis, G., and Parry, D. L.: Effect of
temperature on growth, chemical composition and fatty acid composition of
tropical Australian microalgae grown in batch cultures, Aquaculture, 211,
195–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00875-4, 2002.
Riebesell, U., Revill, A. T., Holdsworth, D. G., and Volkman, J. K.: The
effects of varying CO2 concentration on lipid composition and carbon
isotope fractionation in Emiliania huxleyi, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
64, 4179–4192, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00474-9, 2000.
Rokitta, S. D. and Rost, B.: Effects of CO2 and their modulation by
light in the life-cycle stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 607–618, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0607,
2012.
Rosas-Navarro, A., Langer, G., and Ziveri, P.: Temperature affects the
morphology and calcification of Emiliania huxleyi strains,
Biogeosciences, 13, 2913–2926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2913-2016, 2016.
Rosenblatt, A. E. and Schmitz, O. J.: Climate change, nutrition, and
bottom-up and top-down food web processes, Trends Ecol. Evol., 31, 965–975,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.009, 2016.
Rossoll, D., Bermúdez, R., Hauss, H., Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U.,
Sommer, U., and Winder, M.: Ocean acidification-induced food quality
deterioration constrains trophic transfer, Plos One, 7, e34737, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034737, 2012.
Rost, B. and Riebesell, U.: Coccolithophores and the biological pump:
responses to environmental changes, in: Coccolithophores: From molecular
processes to global impact, edited by: Thierstein, H. R. and Young, J. R.,
Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 99–125, 2004.
Sato, N., Tsuzuki, M., and Kawaguchi, A.: Glycerolipid synthesis in
Chlorella kessleri 11 h – Part II. Effect of the CO2 concentration
during growth, BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. L., 1633, 35–42,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00070-2, 2003.
Schiettecatte, L. S., Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., and Borges, A. V.: High temporal
coverage of carbon dioxide measurements in the Southern Bight of the North
Sea, Mar. Chem., 106, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.001, 2007.
Sett, S., Bach, L. T., Schulz, K. G., Koch-Klavsen, S., Lebrato, M., and
Riebesell, U.: Temperature modulates coccolithophorid sensitivity of growth,
photosynthesis and calcification to increasing seawater pCO2, Plos
One, 9, e88308, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088308, 2014.
Sharp, J.: Improved analysis for particulate organic carbon and nitrogen from
seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr., 19, 984–989, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1974.19.6.0984,
1974.
Sinensky, M.: Homeoviscous adaptation – a homeostatic process that regulates
the viscosity of membrane lipids in Escherichia coli, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 71, 522–525, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.71.2.522, 1974.
Skau, L. F.: Effects of temperature and phosphorus on growth, stoichiometry
and size in three haptophytes, M.S. thesis, Centre for Ecological and
Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology
(AQUA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 64 pp., 2015.
Sommer, U., Peters, K. H., Genitsaris, S., and Moustaka-Gouni, M.: Do marine
phytoplankton follow Bergmann's rule sensu lato?, Biol. Rev., 92,
1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12266, 2016.
Sorrosa, J. M., Satoh, M., and Shiraiwa, Y.: Low temperature stimulates cell
enlargement and intracellular calcification of Coccolithophorids, Mar.
Biotechnol., 7, 128–133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-004-0478-1, 2005.
Sterner, R. W. and Elser, J. J.: Ecological stoichiometry: The biology of
elements from molecules to the biosphere, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, USA, 2002.
Sterner, R. W. and Schulz, K.: Zooplankton nutrition: recent progress and a
reality check, Aquat. Ecol., 32, 261–279, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009949400573, 1998.
Terry, K. L., Laws, E. A., and Burns, D. J.: Growth rate variation in the
N : P requirement ratio of phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 21, 323–329, 1985.
Thompson, G. A.: Lipids and membrane function in green algae, BBA-Lipid Lipid
Met., 1302, 17–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(96)00045-8, 1996.
Thompson, P. A., Guo, M.-X., Harrison, P. J., and Whyte, J. N. C.: Effects of
variation in temperature, II. On the fatty acid composition of eight species
of marine phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 28, 488–497,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1992.00488.x, 1992.
Toseland, A., Daines, S. J., Clark, J. R., Kirkham, A., Strauss, J., Uhlig,
C., Lenton, T. M., Valentin, K., Pearson, G. A., Moulton, V., and Mock, T.:
The impact of temperature on marine phytoplankton resource allocation and
metabolism, Nature Climate Change, 3, 979–984, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1989,
2013.
Tyrrell, T. and Merico, A.: Emiliania huxleyi: bloom observations
and the conditions that induce them, in: Coccolithophores: From molecular
processes to global impact, edited by: Thierstein, H. R. and Young, J. R.,
Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 75–97, 2004.
van Bleijswijk, J. D. L., Kempers, R. S., Veldhuis, M. J., and Westbroek, P.:
Cell and growth characteristics of types A and B of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) as determined by flow cytometry and chemical
analyses, J. Phycol., 30, 230–241, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00230.x,
1994.
Van Mooy, B. A. S., Fredricks, H. F., Pedler, B. E., Dyhrman, S. T., Karl, D.
M., Koblizek, M., Lomas, M. W., Mincer, T. J., Moore, L. R., Moutin, T.,
Rappe, M. S., and Webb, E. A.: Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus
lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity, Nature, 458, 69–72,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07659, 2009.
Winter, A., Henderiks, J., Beaufort, L., Rickaby, R. E. M., and Brown, C. W.:
Poleward expansion of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, J.
Plankton Res., 36, 316–325, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt110, 2014.
Xing, T., Gao, K., and Beardall, J.: Response of growth and photosynthesis of
Emiliania huxleyi to visible and UV irradiances under different
light regimes, Photochem. Photobiol., 91, 343–349, https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12403,
2015.
Short summary
We observed that N : P supply ratios had the strongest effect on C : N : P stoichiometry, while temperature and pCO2 played more influential roles on PIC : POC and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in Emiliania huxleyi. Synergistic interactions indicated the enhanced effect of warming under nutrient deficiency and high pCO2. Simultaneous changes of elements and fatty acids should be considered when predicting future roles of E. huxleyi in biogeochemical cycles and ecological functions.
We observed that N : P supply ratios had the strongest effect on C : N : P stoichiometry, while...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint