Articles | Volume 13, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-841-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-841-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Feb 2016
Research article |
| 12 Feb 2016
The impact of sedimentary alkalinity release on the water column CO2 system in the North Sea
H. Brenner
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Ecosystem Studies, Royal Netherlands Institute for
Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, the Netherlands
U. Braeckman
Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8,
9000 Ghent, Belgium
M. Le Guitton
Department of Ecosystem Studies, Royal Netherlands Institute for
Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, the Netherlands
F. J. R. Meysman
Department of Ecosystem Studies, Royal Netherlands Institute for
Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, the Netherlands
Department of Analytical, Environmental and
Geochemistry, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
Related authors
No articles found.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 18, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom trawling alters benthic mineralization: the recycling of organic material (OM) to free nutrients. To better understand how this occurs, trawling events were added to a model of seafloor OM recycling. Results show that bottom trawling reduces OM and free nutrients in sediments through direct removal thereof and of fauna which transport OM to deeper sediment layers protected from fishing. Our results support temporospatial trawl restrictions to allow key sediment functions to recover.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 1701–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying a novel technique to quantify organism-induced sediment–water column fluid exchange (bioirrigation), we show that organisms in subtidal (permanently submerged) areas have similar bioirrigation rates as those that inhabit intertidal areas (not permanently submerged), but organisms in the latter irrigate deeper burrows in this study. Our results expand on traditional methods to quantify bioirrigation rates and broaden the pool of field measurements of bioirrigation rates.
Ulrike Braeckman, Felix Janssen, Gaute Lavik, Marcus Elvert, Hannah Marchant, Caroline Buckner, Christina Bienhold, and Frank Wenzhöfer
Biogeosciences, 15, 6537–6557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6537-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6537-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Global warming has altered Arctic phytoplankton communities, with unknown effects on deep-sea communities that depend strongly on food produced at the surface. We compared the responses of Arctic deep-sea benthos to input of phytodetritus from diatoms and coccolithophorids. Coccolithophorid carbon was 5× less recycled than diatom carbon. The utilization of the coccolithophorid carbon may be less efficient, so a shift from diatom to coccolithophorid blooms could entail a delay in carbon cycling.
Ralf Hoffmann, Ulrike Braeckman, Christiane Hasemann, and Frank Wenzhöfer
Biogeosciences, 15, 4849–4869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4849-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4849-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our study links surface sea-ice cover and benthic oxygen fluxes in the Fram Strait via primary production, food supply, benthic community, and their functions. We show that sea-ice cover and water depth are the most important factors influencing the ecosystem. However, in water depths > 1500 m, the effect of sea ice fades out. Further, we discuss primary production and benthic remineralization patterns and developed a potential scenario for the benthic remineralization in a future Arctic Ocean.
Sebastiaan Mestdagh, Leila Bagaço, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, Bart De Smet, Tom Moens, and Carl Van Colen
Biogeosciences, 15, 2587–2599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2587-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2587-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how invertebrate communities of mudflats are affected by sudden deposition of sediment. We applied sediment layers of different thickness to mudflat communities and studied how their densities, diversity, and behaviour and the exchange of oxygen between the bottom and the water column changed. We found that some species easily diminish in numbers, while others become more active after deposition. The interaction of all species effects influences the environment, i.e. oxygen exchange.
Jassin Petersen, Christine Barras, Antoine Bézos, Carole La, Lennart J. de Nooijer, Filip J. R. Meysman, Aurélia Mouret, Caroline P. Slomp, and Frans J. Jorissen
Biogeosciences, 15, 331–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-331-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-331-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In Lake Grevelingen, a coastal ecosystem, foraminifera experience important temporal variations in oxygen concentration and in pore water manganese. The high resolution of LA-ICP-MS allows us to analyse the chambers of foraminiferal shells separately and to obtain signals from a series of calcification events. We estimate the variability in Mn/Ca observed within single shells due to biomineralization and show that a substantial part of the signal is related to environmental variability.
Laurine D. W. Burdorf, Anton Tramper, Dorina Seitaj, Lorenz Meire, Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez, Eva-Maria Zetsche, Henricus T. S. Boschker, and Filip J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 14, 683–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-683-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-683-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, long filamentous bacteria have been reported to conduct electrons over centimetre distances in marine sediments. These so-called cable bacteria have an
electricity-based metabolism, effectively turning the seafloor into a natural battery. In this study we demonstrate a global occurrence of these cable bacteria in marine sediments, spanning a large range of climate zones (off Greenland, the USA, Australia, the Netherlands) and a large range of coastal habitats.
L. Meire, D. H. Søgaard, J. Mortensen, F. J. R. Meysman, K. Soetaert, K. E. Arendt, T. Juul-Pedersen, M. E. Blicher, and S. Rysgaard
Biogeosciences, 12, 2347–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2347-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet releases large amounts of freshwater, which strongly influences the biogeochemistry of the adjacent fjord systems and continental shelves. Here we present seasonal observations of the carbonate system in the surface waters of a west Greenland tidewater outlet glacier fjord. Our data reveal a permanent undersaturation of CO2 in the surface layer of the entire fjord and adjacent shelf, creating a high annual uptake of 65gCm-2yr-1.
M. Hagens, C. P. Slomp, F. J. R. Meysman, D. Seitaj, J. Harlay, A. V. Borges, and J. J. Middelburg
Biogeosciences, 12, 1561–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1561-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1561-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study looks at the combined impacts of hypoxia and acidification, two major environmental stressors affecting coastal systems, in a seasonally stratified basin. Here, the surface water experiences less seasonality in pH than the bottom water despite higher process rates. This is due to a substantial reduction in the acid-base buffering capacity of the bottom water as it turns hypoxic in summer. This highlights the crucial role of the buffering capacity as a modulating factor in pH dynamics.
F. Tamooh, A. V. Borges, F. J. R. Meysman, K. Van Den Meersche, F. Dehairs, R. Merckx, and S. Bouillon
Biogeosciences, 10, 6911–6928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6911-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6911-2013, 2013
L. Meire, K. E. R. Soetaert, and F. J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 10, 2633–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2633-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2633-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Sea Exchange
Air–sea gas exchange in a seagrass ecosystem – results from a 3He ∕ SF6 tracer release experiment
Concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol and other trace gases in context of microbial communities from the temperate Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean
Marine nitrogen fixation as a possible source of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific
Global analysis of the controls on seawater dimethylsulfide spatial variability
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
How biogenic polymers control surfactant dynamics in the surface microlayer: insights from a coastal Baltic Sea study
Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux
The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach
Physical mechanisms for biological carbon uptake during the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Methane flux estimates from continuous atmospheric measurements and surface-water observations in the northern Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay
Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected
New constraints on biological production and mixing processes in the South China Sea from triple isotope composition of dissolved oxygen
Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans
Sea ice concentration impacts dissolved organic gases in the Canadian Arctic
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
An empirical MLR for estimating surface layer DIC and a comparative assessment to other gap-filling techniques for ocean carbon time series
Derivation of seawater pCO2 from net community production identifies the South Atlantic Ocean as a CO2 source
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Enhancement of the North Atlantic CO2 sink by Arctic Waters
Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations and an artificial neural network
Atmospheric deposition of organic matter at a remote site in the central Mediterranean Sea: implications for the marine ecosystem
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs
Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada) and results of a water mixing model
Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification
Insights from year-long measurements of air–water CH4 and CO2 exchange in a coastal environment
On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2
Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO2
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N2O from observations and models
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Phytoplankton growth response to Asian dust addition in the northwest Pacific Ocean versus the Yellow Sea
Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling region between 2005 and 2012
Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions
Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Bioavailable atmospheric phosphorous supply to the global ocean: a 3-D global modeling study
Coastal-ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon
Role of zooplankton dynamics for Southern Ocean phytoplankton biomass and global biogeochemical cycles
Surfactant control of gas transfer velocity along an offshore coastal transect: results from a laboratory gas exchange tank
Climate impacts on multidecadal pCO2 variability in the North Atlantic: 1948–2009
Ryo Dobashi and David T. Ho
Biogeosciences, 20, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are productive ecosystems and bury much carbon. Understanding their role in the global carbon cycle requires knowledge of air–sea CO2 fluxes and hence the knowledge of gas transfer velocity (k). In this study, k was determined from the dual tracer technique in Florida Bay. The observed gas transfer velocity was lower than previous studies in the coastal and open oceans at the same wind speeds, most likely due to wave attenuation by seagrass and limited wind fetch in this area.
Valérie Gros, Bernard Bonsang, Roland Sarda-Estève, Anna Nikolopoulos, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, and Ilka Peeken
Biogeosciences, 20, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are both sources and sinks for trace gases important for atmospheric chemistry and marine ecology. Here, we quantified selected trace gases (including the biological metabolites dissolved dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and isoprene) along a 2500 km transect from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. In the context of phytoplankton and bacterial communities, our study suggests that methanethiol (rarely measured before) might substantially influence ocean–atmosphere cycling.
Tsukasa Dobashi, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Kazutaka Takahashi, Sachiko Horii, Fuminori Hashihama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Yoko Iwamoto, Shu-Kuan Wong, and Koji Hamasaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 439–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols is important for biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Our shipboard measurements suggested that reactive nitrogen produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in surface seawater likely contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific. This study provides new implications for the role of marine microbial activity in the formation of WSON aerosols in the ocean surface.
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-250, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll-a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
Lukas Eickhoff, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, and Thomas Koop
Biogeosciences, 20, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice is an important process in Earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, in particular in polar regions. Our research focuses on the influence of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and of molecules produced by it upon heterogenous ice nucleation. For that purpose, we studied the freezing of tiny droplets containing the diatoms in a microfluidic device. Together with previous studies, our results suggest a common freezing behaviour of various sea ice diatoms.
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson
Biogeosciences, 19, 5645–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Laique M. Djeutchouang, Nicolette Chang, Luke Gregor, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
Judith Vogt, David Risk, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Evan N. Edinger, and Owen A. Sherwood
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-545, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-545, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The release of the greenhouse gas methane from Arctic permafrost and submarine sources could exacerbate climate change in a positive feedback. Continuous monitoring conducted over a 5100 km voyage in the western margin of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay highlighted both onshore and offshore sources of atmospheric methane. The ocean-atmosphere flux of methane was positive at all measured stations, suggesting that the region in summer 2021 was a net positive source of methane to the atmosphere.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, and Frédéric Chevallier
Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and associated uncertainty over the open ocean to coastal shelves are estimated with a new ensemble-based reconstruction of pCO2 trained on observation-based data. The regional distribution and seasonality of CO2 sources and sinks are consistent with those suggested in previous studies as well as mechanisms discussed therein. The ensemble-based uncertainty field allows identifying critical regions where improvements in pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux estimates should be a priority.
Charel Wohl, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent Else, Brian J. Butterworth, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1021–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of five different organic gases in seawater in the high Arctic during summer. We found higher concentrations near the surface of the water column (top 5–10 m) and in areas of partial ice cover. This suggests that sea ice influences the concentrations of these gases. These gases indirectly exert a slight cooling effect on the climate, and it is therefore important to measure the levels accurately for future climate predictions.
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Jon Olafsson, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Taro Takahashi, Magnus Danielsen, and Thorarinn S. Arnarson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic north of 50° N is an intense ocean sink area for atmospheric CO2. Observations in the vicinity of Iceland reveal a previously unrecognized Arctic contribution to the North Atlantic CO2 sink. Sustained CO2 influx to waters flowing from the Arctic Ocean is linked to their excess alkalinity derived from sources in the changing Arctic. The results relate to the following question: will the North Atlantic continue to absorb CO2 in the future as it has in the past?
Wei-Lei Wang, Guisheng Song, François Primeau, Eric S. Saltzman, Thomas G. Bell, and J. Keith Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide, a volatile compound produced as a byproduct of marine phytoplankton activity, can be emitted to the atmosphere via gas exchange. In the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized to cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cloud formation. Therefore, oceanic DMS plays an important role in regulating the planet's climate by influencing the radiation budget. In this study, we use an artificial neural network model to update the global DMS climatology and estimate the sea-to-air flux.
Yuri Galletti, Silvia Becagli, Alcide di Sarra, Margherita Gonnelli, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Rita Traversi, Stefano Vestri, and Chiara Santinelli
Biogeosciences, 17, 3669–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first data about atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the island of Lampedusa. It also shows the implications for the surface marine layer by studying the impact of atmospheric organic carbon deposition in the marine ecosystem. It is a preliminary study, but it is pioneering and important for having new data that can be crucial in order to understand the impact of atmospheric deposition on the marine carbon cycle in a global climate change scenario.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Rebecca L. Jackson, Albert J. Gabric, Roger Cropp, and Matthew T. Woodhouse
Biogeosciences, 17, 2181–2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs are a strong source of atmospheric sulfur through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). This biogenic sulfur can influence aerosol and cloud properties and, consequently, the radiative balance over the ocean. DMS emissions may therefore help to mitigate coral physiological stress via increased low-level cloud cover and reduced sea surface temperature. The importance of DMS in coral physiology and climate is reviewed and the implications for coral bleaching are discussed.
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
Tim Fischer, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 16, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated air–sea gas exchange in oceanic upwelling regions for the case of nitrous oxide off Peru. In this region, routine concentration measurements from ships at 5 m or 10 m depth prove to overestimate surface (bulk) concentration. Thus, standard estimates of gas exchange will show systematic error. This is due to very shallow stratified layers that inhibit exchange between surface water and waters below and can exist for several days. Maximum bias occurs in moderate wind conditions.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Riley X. Brady, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael A. Alexander, Michael Jacox, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 16, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, 2019
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, Maarten C. Krol, Natalie M. Mahowald, Rachel A. Scanza, Douglas S. Hamilton, Matthew S. Johnson, Nicholas Meskhidze, Jasper F. Kok, Cecile Guieu, Alex R. Baker, Timothy D. Jickells, Manmohan M. Sarin, Srinivas Bikkina, Rachel Shelley, Andrew Bowie, Morgane M. G. Perron, and Robert A. Duce
Biogeosciences, 15, 6659–6684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition model intercomparison is presented in this study, as a result of the deliberations of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP; http://www.gesamp.org/) Working Group 38. We conclude that model diversity over remote oceans reflects uncertainty in the Fe content parameterizations of dust aerosols, combustion aerosol emissions and the size distribution of transported aerosol Fe.
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
Amanda R. Fay, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Galen A. McKinley, David R. Munro, Colm Sweeney, Alison R. Gray, Peter Landschützer, Britton B. Stephens, Taro Takahashi, and Nancy Williams
Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is highly under-sampled and since this region dominates the ocean sink for CO2, understanding change is critical. Here we utilize available observations to evaluate how the seasonal cycle, variability, and trends in surface ocean carbon in the well-sampled Drake Passage region compare to that of the broader subpolar Southern Ocean. Results indicate that the Drake Passage is representative of the broader region; however, additional winter observations would improve comparisons.
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Allison R. Moreno, George I. Hagstrom, Francois W. Primeau, Simon A. Levin, and Adam C. Martiny
Biogeosciences, 15, 2761–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the missing links between variable marine elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton physiology and carbon cycling, we embed four environmentally controlled stoichiometric models into a five-box ocean model. As predicted each model varied in its influence on the biological pump. Surprisingly, we found that variation can lead to nonlinear controls on atmospheric CO2 and carbon export, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
Erik T. Buitenhuis, Parvadha Suntharalingam, and Corinne Le Quéré
Biogeosciences, 15, 2161–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to decreases in CFC concentrations, N2O is now the third-most important greenhouse gas, and the dominant contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion. Here we estimate the ocean–atmosphere N2O flux. We find that an estimate based on observations alone has a large uncertainty. By combining observations and a range of model simulations we find that the uncertainty is much reduced to 2.45 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1, and better constrained and at the lower end of the estimate in the latest IPCC report.
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Chao Zhang, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Zongbo Shi, Jinhui Shi, Yang Yu, Ling Meng, and Xinyu Guo
Biogeosciences, 15, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares the response of phytoplankton growth in the northwest Pacific to those in the Yellow Sea. In general, larger positive responses of phytoplankton induced by combined nutrients (in the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific) than those induced by a single nutrient (in the Kuroshio Extension and the Yellow Sea) from the dust are observed. We also emphasize the importance of an increase in bioavailable P stock for phytoplankton growth following dust addition.
Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017
Melchor González-Dávila, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, and Francisco Machín
Biogeosciences, 14, 3859–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling is shown to be sensitive to climate change forcing on upwelling processes, which strongly affects the CO2 surface distribution, ocean acidification rates, and air–sea CO2 exchange. We confirmed an upwelling intensification, an increase in the CO2 outgassing, and an important decrease in the pH of the surface waters. Upwelling areas are poorly studied and VOS lines are shown as one of the most significant contributors to our knowledge of the ocean's response.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
Hilton B. Swan, Graham B. Jones, Elisabeth S. M. Deschaseaux, and Bradley D. Eyre
Biogeosciences, 14, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-229-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-229-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the sulfur gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) in marine air at a coral cay on the Great Barrier Reef. DMS is well known to be released from the world's oceans, but environmental evidence of coral reefs releasing DMS has not been clearly demonstrated. We showed the coral reef can sometimes release DMS to the air, which was seen as spikes above the DMS released from the ocean. The DMS from the reef supplements the DMS from the ocean to assist formation of clouds that influence local climate.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Athanasios Nenes, Alex R. Baker, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, and Maria Kanakidou
Biogeosciences, 13, 6519–6543, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6519-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6519-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global atmospheric cycle of P is simulated accounting for natural and anthropogenic sources, acid dissolution of dust aerosol and changes in atmospheric acidity. Simulations show that P-containing dust dissolution flux may have increased in the last 150 years but is expected to decrease in the future, and biological particles are important carriers of bioavailable P to the ocean. These insights to the P cycle have important implications for marine ecosystem responses to climate change.
Timothée Bourgeois, James C. Orr, Laure Resplandy, Jens Terhaar, Christian Ethé, Marion Gehlen, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 13, 4167–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global coastal ocean took up 0.1 Pg C yr−1 of anthropogenic carbon during 1993–2012 based on new biogeochemical simulations with an eddying 3-D global model. That is about half of the most recent estimate, an extrapolation based on surface areas. It should not be confused with the continental shelf pump, perhaps 10 times larger, which includes natural as well as anthropogenic carbon. Coastal uptake of anthropogenic carbon is limited by its offshore transport.
Corinne Le Quéré, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Róisín Moriarty, Séverine Alvain, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Sophie Chollet, Clare Enright, Daniel J. Franklin, Richard J. Geider, Sandy P. Harrison, Andrew G. Hirst, Stuart Larsen, Louis Legendre, Trevor Platt, I. Colin Prentice, Richard B. Rivkin, Sévrine Sailley, Shubha Sathyendranath, Nick Stephens, Meike Vogt, and Sergio M. Vallina
Biogeosciences, 13, 4111–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global biogeochemical model which incorporates ecosystem dynamics based on the representation of ten plankton functional types, and use the model to assess the relative roles of iron vs. grazing in determining phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean. Our results suggest that observed low phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean during summer is primarily explained by the dynamics of the Southern Ocean zooplankton community, despite iron limitation of phytoplankton growth.
R. Pereira, K. Schneider-Zapp, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard
Biogeosciences, 13, 3981–3989, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3981-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3981-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding controls of air–sea gas exchange is necessary for predicting regional- and global-scale trace gas fluxes and feedbacks. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of surfactants, which occur naturally in the uppermost layer of coastal water bodies, to suppress the gas transfer velocity (kw). Here we present data for seawater samples collected from the North Sea. Using a novel analytical approach we show a strong seasonal and spatial relationship between natural surfactants and kw.
Melissa L. Breeden and Galen A. McKinley
Biogeosciences, 13, 3387–3396, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3387-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3387-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Natural variability of the North Atlantic carbon cycle is modeled for 1948–2009. The dominant mode of surface ocean CO2 variability is associated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability composed of (a) the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and (b) a positive SST trend. In the subpolar gyre, positive AMO is associated with reduced vertical mixing that lowers pCO2. In the subtropical gyre, AMO-associated warming increases pCO2. Since 1980, the SST trend has amplified AMO impacts.
Cited articles
Archer, D. and Devol, A.: Benthic oxygen fluxes on the Washington shelf and
slope: A comparison of in situ microelectrode and chamber flux measurements,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 614–629, 1992.
Bauer, J. E., Cai, W.-J., Raymond, P. A., Bianchi, T. S., Hopkinson, C. S., and
Regnier, P. A.: The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean, Nature, 504,
61–70, 2013.
Berelson, W., McManus, J., Coale, K., Johnson, K., Burdige, D., Kilgore, T.,
Colodner, D., Chavez, F., Kudela, R., and Boucher, J.: A time series of
benthic flux measurements from Monterey Bay, CA, Cont. Shelf Res.,
23, 457–481, 2003.
Berner, R. A. and Westrich, J. T.: Bioturbation and the early diagenesis of
carbon and sulfur, Am. J. Sci., 285, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.3.193, 1985.
Boetius, A. and Damm, E.: Benthic oxygen uptake, hydrolytic potentials and
microbial biomass at the Arctic continental slope, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
45, 239–275, 1998.
Boon, A., Duineveld, G., Berghuis, E., and Van der Weele, J.: Relationships
between benthic activity and the annual phytopigment cycle in near-bottom
water and sediments in the southern North Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf
S., 46, 1–13, 1998.
Borges, A. V. and Frankignoulle, M.: Distribution of surface carbon dioxide
and air-sea exchange in the English Channel and adjacent areas, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 2156–2209, 2003.
Boudreau, B. P., Middelburg, J. J., Hofmann, A. F., and Meysman, F. J.:
Ongoing transients in carbonate compensation, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
24, GB4010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003654, 2010.
Bozec, Y., Thomas, H., Elkalay, K., and de Baar, H. J.: The continental shelf
pump for CO2 in the North Sea-evidence from summer observation, Mar.
Chem., 93, 131–147, 2005.
Bozec, Y., Thomas, H., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Borges, A. V., Elkalay, K., and
De Baar, H. J.: Assessment of the processes controlling the seasonal
variations of dissolved inorganic carbon in the North Sea, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 51, 2746–2762, 2006.
Braeckman, U., Foshtomi, M. Y., Van Gansbeke, D., Meysman, F., Soetaert, K.,
Vincx, M., and Vanaverbeke, J.: Variable importance of macrofaunal
functional biodiversity for biogeochemical cycling in temperate coastal
sediments, Ecosystems, 17, 720–737, 2014.
Brasse, S., Reimer, A., Seifert, R., and Michaelis, W.: The influence of
intertidal mudflats on the dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity
distribution in the German Bight, southeastern North Sea, J. Sea
Res., 42, 93–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(99)00020-9, 1999.
Burt, W., Thomas, H., Pätsch, J., Omar, A., Schrum, C., Daewel, U.,
Brenner, H., and Baar, H.: Radium isotopes as a tracer of sediment-water
column exchange in the North Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28,
786–804, 2014.
Cai, W.-J. and Sayles, F. L.: Oxygen penetration depths and fluxes in marine
sediments, Mar. Chem., 52, 123–131, 1996.
Cai, W.-J., Dai, M., and Wang, Y.: Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean
margins: A province-based synthesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026219, 2006.
Chen, C.-T. A.: Shelf-vs. dissolution-generated alkalinity above the chemical
lysocline, Deep-Sea Res. Part II, 49,
5365–5375, 2002.
Chen, C.-T. A. and Borges, A. V.: Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling
in the coastal ocean: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems
as sources of atmospheric CO2, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 578–590, 2009.
Chen, C.-T. A. and Wang, S.-L.: Carbon, alkalinity and nutrient budgets on the
East China Sea continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 20675–20686, 1999.
Cramer, A.: Seasonal variation in benthic metabolic activity in a frontal
system in the North Sea, Trophic relationships, 54–76, 1990.
Dauwe, B.: Organic matter quality in North Sea sediments, PhD thesis,
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, 1999.
de Haas, H. and van Weering, T. C.: Recent sediment accumulation, organic
carbon burial and transport in the northeastern North Sea, Mar. Geol.,
136, 173–187, 1997.
de Haas, H., van Weering,
T. C., and de Stigter, H.: Organic carbon in shelf seas: sinks or sources,
processes and products, Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 691–717,
2002.
DelValls, T. and Dickson, A.: The pH of buffers based on
2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propanediol (“tris”) in synthetic sea
water, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45,
1541–1554, 1998.
Denman, K. and Pena, M.: The response of two coupled one-dimensional mixed
layer/planktonic ecosystem models to climate change in the NE subarctic
Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
49, 5739–5757, 2002.
Devol, A. H. and Christensen, J. P.: Benthic fluxes and nitrogen cycling in
sediments of the continental margin of the eastern North Pacific, J.
Mar. Res., 51, 345–372, 1993.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., Christian, J. R.: Guide to best
practices for ocean CO2 measurements, no. 3 in PICES Special Publication,
North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Sidney, British Columbia, 2007.
Egleston, E. S., Sabine, C. L., and Morel, F. M.: Revelle revisited: Buffer
factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and
alkalinity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003407, 2010.
Elliott, A., Clarke, T., and Li, Z.: Monthly distributions of surface and
bottom temperatures in the northwest European shelf seas, Cont. Shelf
Res., 11, 453–466, 1991.
Fennel, K.: The role of continental shelves in nitrogen and carbon cycling:
Northwestern North Atlantic case study, Ocean Sci., 6, 539–548,
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-539-2010, 2010.
Franco, M. d. A., Vanaverbeke, J., Van Oevelen, D., Soetaert, K., Costa, M. J.,
Vincx, M., and Moens, T.: Respiration partitioning in contrasting subtidal
sediments: seasonality and response to a spring phytoplankton deposition,
Mar. Ecol., 31, 276–290, 2010.
Frankignoulle, M.: A complete set of buffer factors for acid/base CO2
system
in seawater, J. Marine Syst., 5, 111–118, 1994.
Frankignoulle, M., Abril, G., Borges, A., Bourge, I., Canon, C., Delille, B.,
Libert, E., and Théate, J.-M.: Carbon dioxide emission from European
estuaries, Science, 282, 434–436, 1998.
Friedl, G., Dinkel, C., and Wehrli, B.: Benthic fluxes of nutrients in the
northwestern Black Sea, Mar. Chem., 62, 77–88, 1998.
Gattuso, J.-P., Frankignoulle, M., and Wollast, R.: Carbon and carbonate
metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems, Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics, 29, 405–434, 1998.
Glud, R. N.: Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments, Mar. Biol. Res., 4,
243–289, 2008.
Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M.: Methods of
seawater analysis,
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2009.
Grebmeier, J. M. and McRoy, C. P.: Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of
the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. 111. Benthic food supply and carbon
cycling, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 53, 79–91, 1989.
Gustafsson, B. and Stigebrandt, A.: Dynamics of the freshwater-influenced
surface layers in the Skagerrak, J. Sea Res., 35, 39–53, 1996.
Gustafsson, E., Wällstedt, T., Humborg, C., Mörth, C.-M., and
Gustafsson, B. G.: External total alkalinity loads versus internal
generation: The influence of nonriverine alkalinity sources in the Baltic
Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1358–1370, 2014.
Hartnett, H., Boehme, S., Thomas, C., DeMaster, D., and Smith, C.: Benthic
oxygen fluxes and denitrification rates from high-resolution porewater
profiles from the Western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf, Deep-Sea
Res. Pt. II, 55, 2415–2424, 2008.
Hebbeln, D., Scheurle, C., and Lamy, F.: Depositional history of the Helgoland
mud area, German Bight, North Sea, Geo-Mar. Lett., 23, 81–90, 2003.
Hofmann, A. F., Soetaert, K., Middelburg, J. J., and Meysman, F. J. R.: AquaEnv
: An Aquatic Acid-Base Modelling Environment in R, Aquat. Geochem.,
16, 507–546, 2010.
Hu, X. and Cai, W.-J.: An assessment of ocean margin anaerobic processes on
oceanic alkalinity budget, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003859,
2011a.
Hu, X. and Cai, W.-J.: The impact of denitrification on the atmospheric
CO2
uptake potential of seawater, Mar. Chem., 127, 192–198,
2011b.
Huettel, M. and Gust, G.: Solute release mechanisms from confined sediment
cores in stirred benthic chambers and flume flows, Mar. Ecol.-Prog.
Ser., 82, 187–197, 1992.
Huettel, M. and Rusch, A.: Transport and degradation of phytoplankton in
permeable sediment, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 534–549, 2000.
Hydes, D., Kelly-Gerreyn, B., Le Gall, A., and Proctor, R.: The balance of
supply of nutrients and demands of biological production and denitrification
in a temperate latitude shelf sea – a treatment of the southern North Sea as
an extended estuary, Mar. Chem., 68, 117–131, 1999.
Jahnke, R. A. and Jahnke, D. B.: Calcium carbonate dissolution in deep sea
sediments: reconciling microelectrode, pore water and benthic flux chamber
results, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 68, 47–59, 2004.
Jahnke, R. A., Craven, D. B., and Gaillard, J.-F.: The influence of organic
matter diagenesis on CaCO 3 dissolution at the deep-sea floor, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 2799–2809, 1994.
Janssen, F., Faerber, P., Huettel, M., Meyer, V., and Witte, U.: Pore-water
advection and solute fluxes in permeable marine sediments(I): Calibration and
performance of the novel benthic chamber system Sandy, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 50, 768–778, 2005.
Joint, I. and Pomroy, A.: Phytoplankton biomass and production in the southern
North Sea, North East Atlantic Marine Research Programme, Great Britain,
1993.
Jönsson, B. F., Salisbury, J. E., and Mahadevan, A.: Large variability in
continental shelf production of phytoplankton carbon revealed by satellite,
Biogeosciences, 8, 1213–1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1213-2011, 2011.
Jørgensen, B. B.: The sulfur cycle of a coastal marine sediment
(Limfjorden, Denmark) , Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 814–832, 1977.
Jørgensen, B. B., Bang, M., and Blackburn, T. H.: Anaerobic mineralization
in marine-sediments from the Baltic-Sea-North-Sea transition, Mar.
Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 59, 39–54, 1990.
Kitidis, V., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Litt, E., Brown, I., Cummings, D.,
Hartman, S., Hydes, D., Fishwick, J. R., Harris, C., Martinez-Vicente, V.,
and Woodward, E. M. S.: Seasonal dynamics of the carbonate system in the
Western English
Channel, Cont. Shelf Res., 42, 30–40, 2012.
Krumins, V., Gehlen, M., Arndt, S., Van Cappellen, P., and Regnier, P.:
Dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity fluxes from coastal marine
sediments: model estimates for different shelf environments and sensitivity
to global change, Biogeosciences, 10, 371–398, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-371-2013,
2013.
Kühn, W., Pätsch, J., Thomas, H., Borges, A. V., Schiettecatte, L.-S.,
Bozec, Y., and Prowe, A. F.: Nitrogen and carbon cycling in the North Sea
and exchange with the North Atlantic – A model study, Part II: Carbon budget
and fluxes, Cont. Shelf Res., 30, 1701–1716, 2010.
Lansard, B., Rabouille, C., Denis, L., and Grenz, C.: In
situ oxygen uptake rates by coastal sediments under the influence of the
Rhône River (NW
Mediterranean Sea), Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 1501–1510, 2008.
Larsen, M., Thamdrup, B., Shimmield, T., and Glud, R. N.:
Benthic
mineralization and solute exchange on a Celtic Sea sand-bank (Jones Bank),
Prog. Oceanogr., 117, 64–75, 2013.
Lehrter, J. C., Beddick, D. L., Devereux, R., Yates, D. F.,
and Murrell, M. C.:
Sediment-water fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, O2, nutrients, and N2
from the hypoxic region of the Louisiana continental shelf, Biogeochemistry,
109, 233–252, 2011.
Lenhart, H. and Pohlmann, T.: The ICES-boxes approach in relation to results
of a North Sea circulation model, Tellus A, 49, 139–160, 1997.
Lohse, L., Malschaert, J. F. P., Slomp, C. P., Helder, W., and
van Raaphorst,
W.: Nitrogen cycling in North Sea sediments: interaction of denitrification
and nitrification in offshore and coastal areas, Mar. Ecol.-Prog.
Ser., 101, 283–283, 1993.
Lohse, L., Kloosterhuis, H. T., Van Raaphorst, W., and Helder, W.:
Denitrification rates as measured by the isotope pairing method and by the
acetylene inhibition technique in continental shelf sediments of the North
Sea, Marine ecology progress series, Oldendorf, 132, 169–179, 1996.
Lüders, K.: Sediments of the North Sea, Special Publications of SEPM,
Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 1955.
Luff, R. and Moll, A.: Seasonal dynamics of the North Sea sediments using a
three-dimensional coupled sediment-water model system, Cont. Shelf
Res., 24, 1099–1127, 2004.
Meysman, F. J. R., Galaktionov, O. S., Cook, P. L. M., Janssen, F., Huettel,
M., and Middelburg, J. J.: Quantifying biologically and physically induced
flow and tracer dynamics in permeable sediments, Biogeosciences, 4, 627–646,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-627-2007, 2007.
Middelburg, J. J., Soetaert, K., Herman, P. M., and Heip, C. H.:
Denitrification in marine sediments: A model study, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 10, 661–673, 1996.
Millero, F. J., Graham, T. B., Huang, F., Bustos-Serrano, H.,
and Pierrot, D.:
Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity
and temperature, Mar. Chem., 100, 80–94, 2006.
Moll, A.: Regional distribution of primary production in the North Sea
simulated by a three-dimensional model, J. Marine Syst., 16,
151–170, 1998.
Moore, W., Beck, M., Riedel, T., van der Loeff, M. R., Dellwig, O., Shaw,
T. J., Schnetger, B., and Brumsack, H.-J.: Radium-based pore water fluxes of
silica, alkalinity, manganese, DOC, and uranium: A decade of studies in the
German Wadden Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 6535–6555, 2011.
Nedwell, D., Parkes, R., Upton, A., and Assinder, D.:
Seasonal fluxes across
the sediment-water interface, and processes within sediments, Philos.
T. R. S.-A., 343, 519–529, 1993.
Nordi, G., Debes, H., and Christensen, J. T.: Pelagic-benthic coupling on the
Faroe shelf: a pilot study, Tech. rep., Faroe Marine Research Institute,
Tórshavn, Faroe Island, 2013.
Osinga, R., Kop, A. J., Duineveld, G. C. A., Prins, R. A.,
Duyl, F. C. V., and
Fleur, C.: Benthic mineralization rates at two locations in the southern
North Sea, J. Sea Res., 36, 181–191, 1996.
Pätsch, J. and Kühn, W.: Nitrogen and carbon cycling in the North Sea
and exchange with the North Atlantic – a model study. Part I. Nitrogen budget
and fluxes, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 767–787, 2008.
Paulmier, A., Kriest, I., and Oschlies, A.: Stoichiometries of
remineralisation and denitrification in global biogeochemical ocean models,
Biogeosciences, 6, 923–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-923-2009, 2009.
Provoost, P., Heuven, S. V., Soetaert, K., Laane, R. W. P. M., Middelburg,
J. J., and van Heuven, S.: Seasonal and long-term changes in pH in the Dutch
coastal zone, Biogeosciences, 7, 3869–3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3869-2010,
2010.
Provoost, P., Braeckman, U., Van Gansbeke, D., Moodley, L., Soetaert, K.,
Middelburg, J. J., and Vanaverbeke, J.: Modelling benthic oxygen consumption
and benthic-pelagic coupling at a shallow station in the southern North Sea,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 120, 1–11, 2013.
Radach, G. and Moll, A.: Estimation of the variability of production by
simulating annual cycles of phytoplankton in the central North Sea, Prog.
Oceanogr., 31, 339–419, 1993.
Rao, A. M., Polerecky, L., Ionescu, D., Meysman, F. J. R., and
De Beer, D.:
The influence of pore-water advection, benthic photosynthesis, and
respiration on calcium carbonate dynamics in reef sands, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 57, 809–825, 2012.
Rao, A. M., Malkin, S. Y., Montserrat, F., and Meysman, F. J.: Alkalinity
production in intertidal sands intensified by lugworm bioirrigation,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 148, 36–47, 2014.
Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the
environment, Am. Sci., 46, 230A–221, 1958.
Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F. T., Gruber, N.,
Janssens, I. A., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Luyssaert, S., Andersson, A.
J., and Arndt, S.: Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land
to
ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 597–607, 2013.
Reid, P. C. and Edwards, M.: Long-term changes in the pelagos, benthos and
fisheries of the North Sea, Senck. Marit., 31, 107–115, 2001.
Richards, F.: Anoxic basins and Fjords In Chemical Oceanography, 611–643,
edited by: Richards, F. A., Ripley, J. P., and Skirrow, G., 1965.
Rodhe, J.: The large-scale circulation in the Skagerrak; interpretation of
some observations, Tellus A, 39, 245–253, 1987.
Rodhe, J.: On the dynamics of the large-scale circulation of the Skagerrak,
J. Sea Res., 35, 9–21, 1996.
Santschi, P. H., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., and Bowles, W.:
Measurements of diffusive sublayer thicknesses in the ocean by alabaster
dissolution, and their implications for the measurements of benthic fluxes,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 96, 10641–10657,
1991.
Schiettecatte, L.-S., Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., and
Borges, A.: High temporal
coverage of carbon dioxide measurements in the Southern Bight of the North
Sea, Mar. Chem., 106, 161–173, 2007.
Schlüter, M. and Jerosch, K.: Digital Atlas of the North Sea, Alfred
Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany, 2009.
Schrum, C., Alekseeva, I., and John, M. S.: Development of a coupled
physical–biological ecosystem model ECOSMO: part I: model description and
validation for the North Sea, J. Marine Syst., 61, 79–99, 2006.
Schwichtenberg, F.: Drivers of the carbonate system variability in the southern
North Sea: River input, anaerobic alkalinity generation in the Wadden Sea and
internal processes, PhD thesis, Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und
Naturwissenschaften im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität
Hamburg, 2013.
Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J. A., Böhlke, J., Bouwman, A., Lowrance, R.,
Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Drecht, G. V.: Denitrification across
landscapes and waterscapes: a synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 16,
2064–2090, 2006.
Shum, K.: Wave-induced advective transport below a rippled water-sediment
interface, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97,
789–808, 1992.
Slomp, C., Malschaert, J., Lohse, L., and Van Raaphorst, W.:
Iron and manganese
cycling in different sedimentary environments on the North Sea continental
margin, Cont. Shelf Res., 17, 1083–1117, 1997.
Smith Jr., K.: Oxygen demands of San Diego Trough sediments: an in situ
study,
Limnol. Oceanogr, 19, 939–944, 1974.
Soetaert, K., Petzoldt, T., and Meysman, F. J. R.: marelac: Tools for Aquatic
Sciences, NIOO-KNAW, Yerseke, the Netherlands, 2010.
Stal, L. J.: Is the distribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the oceans
related to temperature?, Environ. Microbiol., 11, 1632–1645, 2009.
Tengberg, A., Hall, P. O. J., Andersson, U., Lindén, B., Styrenius, O.,
Boland, G., de Bovee, F., Carlsson, B., Ceradini, S., Devol, A., and
Duineveld, G.:
Intercalibration of benthic flux chambers, Mar. Chem., 1, 147–173,
2005.
Thamdrup, B. and Canfield, D. E.: Benthic respiration in aquatic sediments, in:
Methods in ecosystem science, Springer, New York, 86–103, 2000.
Thamdrup, B., Fossing, H., and Jørgensen, B. B.:
Manganese, iron and sulfur
cycling in a coastal marine sediment, Aarhus Bay, Denmark, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 5115–5129, 1994.
Therkildsen, M. S. and Lomstein, B. A.: Seasonal variation in net benthic
C-mineralization in a shallow estuary, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 12,
131–142, 1993.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Enhanced open ocean
storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping, Science, 304,
1005–1008, 2004.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H. J. W., Elkalay, K., Frankignoulle, M.,
Schiettecatte, L.-S., Kattner, G., and Borges, A. V.: The carbon budget of
the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 2, 87–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-87-2005, 2005.
Thomas, H., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Suykens, K., Koné, Y. J. M., Shadwick,
E. H., Prowe, A. E. F., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H. J. W., and Borges, A. V.:
Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal
sediments, Biogeosciences, 6, 267–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-267-2009, 2009.
Trimmer, M., Nedwell, D., Sivyer, D., and Malcolm, S.: Seasonal benthic
organic matter mineralisation measured by oxygen uptake and denitrification
along a transect of the inner and outer River Thames estuary, UK, Mar.
Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 197, 103–119, 2000.
Trimmer, M., Petersen, J., Sivyer, D., Mills, C., Young, E., and Parker, E.:
Impact of long-term benthic trawl disturbance on sediment sorting and
biogeochemistry in the southern North Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.,
298, 79–94, 2005.
Upton, A.: Seasonal benthic microbial activity in the southern North Sea;
oxygen uptake and sulphate reduction, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 101, 273–281,
1993.
Van der Molen, J.: The influence of tides, wind and waves on the net sand
transport in the North Sea, Con. Shelf Res., 22, 2739–2762,
2002.
Van Duyl, F. C., Bak, R. P., Kop, A. J., Nieuwland, G., Berghuis, E. M., and
Kok, A.: Mesocosm experiments: mimicking seasonal developments of microbial
variables in North Sea sediments, Hydrobiologia, 235, 267–281, 1992.
Van Raaphorst, W., Kloosterhuis, H. T., Cramer, A., and Bakker, K. J.:
Nutrient early diagenesis in the sandy sediments of the Dogger Bank area,
North Sea: Pore water results, Neth. J. Sea Res., 26,
25–52, 1990.
Weston, K., Fernand, L., Nicholls, J., Marca-Bell, A., Mills, D., Sivyer, D.,
and Trimmer, M.: Sedimentary and water column processes in the Oyster
Grounds: a potentially hypoxic region of the North Sea, Mar. Environ.
Res., 65, 235–249, 2008.
Wilde, P., Berghuis, E., and Kok, A.: Structure and energy demand of the
benthic community of the Oyster Ground, central North Sea, Neth. J. Sea
Res., 18, 143–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(84)90029-2, 1984.
Witte, U. and Pfannkuche, O.: High rates of benthic carbon remineralisation
in
the abyssal Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 2785–2804, 2000.
Short summary
Alkalinity released from sediments of the southern North Sea can play an important role in the carbon cycle of the North Sea by lowering the pCO2 of the seawater and thus increasing the CO2 flux between the atmosphere and the water. However, not every single mole alkalinity generated in sediments leads to an additional CO2 uptake, as certain reactions in the water column can negate the respective alkalinity release.
Alkalinity released from sediments of the southern North Sea can play an important role in the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint