References

Biogeosciences

1726-4189

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/bg-7-3215-2010

Spatial and temporal variability of the dimethylsulfide to chlorophyll ratio in the surface ocean: an assessment based on phytoplankton group dominance determined from space

Masotti

¹ Belviso

¹ Alvain

² Johnson

J. E.

³ Bates

T. S.

⁴ Tortell

P. D.

⁵ Kasamatsu

⁶ Mongin

⁷ Marandino

C. A.

⁸ Saltzman

E. S.

⁹ Moulin

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, CEA/Saclay, UMR 8212, Orme des Merisiers, Bat 712, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France

Univ Lille Nord de France, ULCO-LOG, CNRS, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, France

Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA

Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia

Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany

University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA

20 10 2010

7 10 3215 3237

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Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced in surface seawater by phytoplankton. Phytoplankton culture experiments have shown that nanoeucaryotes (NANO) display much higher mean DMSP-to-Carbon or DMSP-to-Chlorophyll (Chl) ratios than Prochlorococcus (PRO), Synechococcus (SYN) or diatoms (DIAT). Moreover, the DMSP-lyase activity of algae which cleaves DMSP into dimethylsulfide (DMS) is even more group specific than DMSP itself. Ship-based observations have shown at limited spatial scales, that sea surface DMS-to-Chl ratios (DMS:Chl) are dependent on the composition of phytoplankton groups. Here we use satellite remote sensing of Chl (from SeaWiFS) and of Phytoplankton Group Dominance (PGD from PHYSAT) with ship-based sea surface DMS concentrations (8 cruises in total) to assess this dependence on an unprecedented spatial scale. PHYSAT provides PGD (either NANO, PRO, SYN, DIAT, Phaeocystis (PHAEO) or coccolithophores (COC)) in each satellite pixel (1/4° horizontal resolution). While there are identification errors in the PHYSAT method, it is important to note that these errors are lowest for NANO PGD which we typify by high DMSP:Chl. In summer, in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, we find that mean DMS:Chl associated with NANO + PHAEO and PRO + SYN + DIAT are 13.6±8.4 mmol g−1 (n=34) and 7.3±4.8 mmol g−1 (n=24), respectively. That is a statistically significant difference (P<0.001) that is consistent with NANO and PHAEO being relatively high DMSP producers. However, in the western North Atlantic between 40° N and 60° N, we find no significant difference between the same PGD. This is most likely because coccolithophores account for the non-dominant part of the summer phytoplankton assemblages. Meridional distributions at 22° W in the Atlantic, and 95° W and 110° W in the Pacific, both show a marked drop in DMS:Chl near the equator, down to few mmol g−1, yet the basins exhibit different PGD (NANO in the Atlantic, PRO and SYN in the Pacific). In tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Pacific waters away from the equatorial and coastal upwelling, mean DMS:Chl associated with high and low DMSP producers are statistically significantly different, but the difference is opposite of that expected from culture experiments. Hence, in a majority of cases PGD is not of primary importance in controlling DMS:Chl variations. We therefore conclude that water-leaving radiance spectra obtained simultaneously from ocean color sensor measurements of Chl concentrations and dominant phytoplankton groups can not be used to predict global fields of DMS.

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