Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 7 6 2010 10.5194/bg-7-1915-2010 http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/1915/2010/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/1915/2010/bg-7-1915-2010.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/1915/2010/bg-7-1915-2010.pdf 1915 1926 2010-06-15 A global database of soil respiration data B. Bond-Lamberty bondlamberty@pnl.gov A. Thomson JGCRI/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland, USA Soil respiration – <i>R</i>_S, the flux of CO₂ from the soil to the atmosphere – is probably the least well constrained component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Here we introduce the SRDB database, a near-universal compendium of published <i>R</i>_S data, and make it available to the scientific community both as a traditional static archive and as a dynamic community database that may be updated over time by interested users. The database encompasses all published studies that report one of the following data measured in the field (not laboratory): annual <i>R</i>_S, mean seasonal <i>R</i>_S, a seasonal or annual partitioning of <i>R</i>_S into its sources fluxes, <i>R</i>_S temperature response (Q₁₀), or <i>R</i>_S at 10 °C. Its orientation is thus to seasonal and annual fluxes, not shorter-term or chamber-specific measurements. To date, data from 818 studies have been entered into the database, constituting 3379 records. The data span the measurement years 1961–2007 and are dominated by temperate, well-drained forests. We briefly examine some aspects of the SRDB data – its climate space coverage, mean annual <i>R</i>_S fluxes and their correlation with other carbon fluxes, <i>R</i>_S variability, temperature sensitivities, and the partitioning of <i>R</i>_S source flux – and suggest some potential lines of research that could be explored using these data. The SRDB database is available online in a permanent archive as well as via a project-hosting repository; the latter source leverages open-source software technologies to encourage wider participation in the database's future development. Ultimately, we hope that the updating of, and corrections to, the SRDB will become a shared project, managed by the users of these data in the scientific community. Andrews, J. A. and Schlesinger, W. H.: Soil CO₂ dynamics, acidification, and chemical weathering in a temperate forest with experimental CO₂ enrichment, Global Biogeochem. Cy. 15, 149–162, 2001. Anonymous: Data's shameful neglect, Nature, 461, 145, doi:10.1038/461145a, 2009. Boden, T. A., Marland, G., and Andres, R. J. Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions: Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, ORNL, http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2006.html, 2009. Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., and Gower, S. T.: A global relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration?, Global Change Biol., 10, 1756–1766, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00816.x, 2004. Bond-Lamberty, B. and Thomson, A. M.: Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record, Nature, 464, 579–582, doi:10.1038/nature08930, 2010. Boone, R. D., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Canary, J. D., and Kaye, J. P.: Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, Nature, 396, 570–572, doi:10.1038/25119, 1998. Burton, A. J., Melillo, J. M., and Frey, S. D.: Adjustment of forest ecosystem root respiration as temperature warms, J. Integr. Plant Biol., 50, 1467–1483, doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00750.x, 2008. Chen, H. and Tian, H.-Q.: Does a general temperature-dependent Q(10) model of soil respiration exist at biome and global scale?, J. Integr. Plant Biol., 47, 1288–1302, 2005. Curiel Yuste, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Gershenson, A., Goldstein, A. H., Misson, L., and Wong, S. C.: Microbial soil respiration and its dependency on carbon inputs, soil temperature and moisture, Global Change Biol., 13, 1–18, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01415.x, 2007. Davidson, E. A., Savage, K. E., Bolstad, P. V., Clark, D. A., Curtis, P. S., Ellsworth, D. S., Hanson, P. J., Law, B. E., Luo, Y., Pregitzer, K. S., Randolph, J. C., and Zak, D. R.: Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGA-based soil respiration measurements, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 113, 39–51, 2002. Davidson, E. A. and Janssens, I. A.: Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, 440, 165–173, doi:10.1038/nature04514, 2006. Davidson, E. A., Janssens, I. A., and Luo, Y.: On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q$_10$, Global Change Biol., 12, 154–164, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01065.x, 2006. Del Grosso, S. J., Parton, W. J., Mosier, A. R., Holland, E. A., Pendall, E., Schimel, D. S., and Ojima, D. S.: Modeling soil CO₂ emissions from ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73, 71–91, doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0898-z, 2005. Elser, J. J., Bracken, M. E. S., Cleland, E. E., Gruner, D. S., Harpole, W. S., Hillebrand, H., Ngai, J. T., Seabloom, E. W., Shurin, J. B., and Smith, J. E.: Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Lett., 10, 1135–1142, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x, 2007. Graf, A., Weiherm\'uller, L., Huisman, J. A., Herbst, M., Bauer, J., and Vereecken, H.: Measurement depth effects on the apparent temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in field studies, Biogeosciences, 5, 1175–1188, doi:10.5194/bg-5-1175-2008, 2008. Grier, C. C. and Logan, R. S.: Old-growth \textitPseudotsuga-menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed: biomass distribution and production budgets, Ecological Monographs, 47, 373–400, 1977. Hanson, P. J., Edwards, N. T., Garten, C. T., and Andrews, J. A.: Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations, Biogeochemistry, 48, 115–146, doi:10.1023/A:1006244819642, 2000. Heinemeyer, A., Hartley, I. P., Evans, S. P., Carreira de la Fuente, J. A., and Ineson, P.: Forest soil CO₂ flux: uncovering the contribution and environmental responses of ectomycorrhizas, Global Change Biol., 13, 1786–1797, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01383.x, 2007. Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., and Sulzman, J.: An analysis of soil respiration across northern hemisphere temperate ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73, 29–70, doi:10.1007/s10533-004-2946-0, 2005. IPCC: Climate Change 2001: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 20, 2001. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S. D., Qin, D., Manning, M. R., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 18, 2007. Janssens, I. A., Lankreijer, H., Matteucci, G., Kowalski, A. S., Buchmann, N., Epron, D., Pilegaard, K., Kutsch, W. L., Longdoz, B., Grünwald, T., Montagnani, L., Dore, S., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Grelle, A., Rannik, Ü., Morgenstern, K., Oltchev, S., Clement, R., Gudmundsson, J., Minerbi, S., Berbigier, P., Ibrom, A., Moncrieff, J. B., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Jensen, N.-O., Vesala, T., Granier, A., Schulze, E.-D., Lindroth, A., Dolman, A. J., Jarvis, P. G., Ceulemans, R., and Valentini, R.: Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across European forests, Global Change Biol., 7, 269–278, 2001. Jenkinson, D. S.: Model estimates of CO₂ emissions from soil in response to warming, Nature, 351, 304–306, doi:10.1038/351304a0, 1991. Jones, C. D., Cox, P. M., and Huntingford, C.: Uncertainty in climate-carbon-cycle projections associated with the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature, Tellus, 55B, 642–648, 2003. Jung, M., Reichstein, M., and Bondeau, A.: Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2001–2013, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2001-2009, 2009. Kabwe, L. K., Farrell, R. E., Carey, S. K., Hendry, M. J., and Wilson, G. W.: Characterizing spatial and temporal variations in CO₂ fluxes from ground surface using three complimentary measurement techniques, J. Hydrol., 311, 80–90, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.015 2005. Keith, H. and Wong, S. C.: Measurement of soil CO₂ ef?ux using soda lime absorption: both quantitative and reliable Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 1121–1131, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.012, 2006. Knorr, W., Prentice, I. C., House, J. I., and Holland, E. A.: Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming, Nature, 433, 298–301, 2005. Lavigne, M. B., Boutin, R., Foster, R. J., Goodine, G., Bernier, P. Y., and Robitaille, G.: Soil respiration responses to temperature are controlled more by roots than by decomposition in balsam fir ecosystems, Can. J. For. Res., 33, 1744–1753, doi:10.1139/X03-090, 2003. LeBauer, D. S. and Treseder, K. K.: Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed, Ecology, 89, 371–379, 2008. Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Functional Ecology, 8, 315–323, 1994. Luo, Y. and Zhou, X.: Soil Respiration and the Environment, Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 316 pp., 2006. Lusk, C. H., and Warton, D. I.: Global meta-analysis shows that relationships of leaf mass per area with species shade tolerance depend on leaf habit and ontogeny, New Phytol., 176, 764–774, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02264.x, 2007. Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Piao, S., Schulze, E.-D., Wingate, L., Matteucci, G., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Aubinet, M., Beer, C., Bernhofer, C., Black, K. G., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Chambers, J. L., Ciais, P., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Dolman, A. J., Gielen, B., Goulden, M. L., Grace, J., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Griffis, T. J., Grünwald, T., Guidolotti, G., Hanson, P. J., Harding, R. B., Hollinger, D. Y., Hutyra, L. R., Kolari, P., Kruijt, B., Kutsch, W. L., Lagergren, F., Laurila, T., Law, B. E., Le Maire, G., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Malhi, Y., Mateus, J., Migliavacca, M., Misson, L., Montagnani, L., Moncrieff, J. B., Moors, E. J., Munger, J. W., Nikinmaa, E., Ollinger, S. V., Pita, G., Rebmann, C., Roupsard, O., Saigusa, N., Sanz, M. J., Seufert, G., Sierra, C., Smith, M.-L., Tang, J., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Janssens, I. A.: CO₂ balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database, Global Change Biol., 13, 2509–2537, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x, 2007. Luyssaert, S., Schulze, E.-D., Börner, A., Knohl, A., Hessenmöller, D., Law, B. E., Ciais, P., and Grace, J.: Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks, Nature, 455, 213–215, doi:10.1038/nature07276, 2008. Moyano, F. E., Kutsch, W. L., and Schulze, E.-D.: Response of mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and soil basal respiration to temperature and photosynthesis in a barley field, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 843–853, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.10.001, 2007. Parker, L. W., Miller, J., Steinberger, Y., and Whitford, W. G.: Soil respiration in a Chihuahuan desert rangeland, Soil Biol. Biochem., 15, 303–309, 1983. Pongracic, S., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., and Raison, R. J.: Comparison of soda lime and infrared gas analysis techniques for in situ measurement of forest soil respiration Can. J. For. Res., 27, 1890–1895, 1997. Post, W. M., Emanuel, W. R., Zinke, P. J., and Stangenberger, A. G.: Soil carbon pools and world life zones, Nature, 298, 156–159, 1982. Potter, C. S. and Klooster, S.: Interannual variability in soil trace gas (CO₂, N₂O, NO) fluxes and analysis of controllers on regional to global scales, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 621–635, 1998. Pumpanen, J., Kolari, P., Ilvesniemi, H., Minkkinen, K., Vesala, T., Niinistö, S., Lohila, A., Larmola, T., Morero, M., Pihlatie, M., Janssens, I. A., Curiel Yuste, J., Grünzweig, J. M., Reth, S., Subke, J.-A., Savage, K. E., Kutsch, W. L., Østreng, G., Ziegler, W., Anthoni, P. M., Lindroth, A., and Hari, P.: Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO₂ flux, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 123, 159–176, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.001, 2004. Qi, Y., Xu, M., and Wu, J.: Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration and its effects on ecosystem carbon budget: nonlinearity begets surprises Ecol. Model., 153, 131–142, 2002. Raich, J. W. and Nadelhoffer, K. J.: Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems, Ecology, 70, 1346–1354, 1989. Raich, J. W. and Schlesinger, W. H.: The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus B, 44, 81–99, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00001.x, 1992. Raich, J. W. and Potter, C. S.: Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 23–36, 1995. Raich, J. W., Potter, C. S., and Bhagawati, D.: Interannual variability in global soil respiration, 1980–94, Global Change Biol., 8, 800–812, 2002. Raymond, E. S.: The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, O'Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, 241 pp., 2001. Rayner, P. J., Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Kaminski, T., Giering, R., and Widmann, H.: Two decades of terrestrial carbon fluxes from a carbon cycle data assimilation system (CCDAS), Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2026, doi:10.1029/2004GB002254, 2005. Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J. D., Valentini, R., Banza, J., Casals, P., Cheng, Y., Grünzweig, J. M., Irvine, J., Joffre, R., Law, B. E., Loustau, D., Miglietta, F., Oechel, W. C., Ourcival, J.-M., Pereira, J., Peressotti, A., Ponti, F., Qi, Y., Rambal, S., Rayment, M. B., Romanya, J., Rossi, F., Tedeschi, V., Tirone, G., Xu, M., and Yakir, D.: Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1104, 1115, doi:10.1029/2003GB002035, 2003. Reichstein, M. and Beer, C.: Soil respiration across scales: The importance of a model-data integration framework for data interpretation, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 171, 344–354, doi:10.1002/jpln.200700075, 2008. Rochette, P., Desjardins, R. L., and Pattey, E.: Spatial and temporal variability of soil respiration in agricultural fields, Can. J. Soil Sci., 71, 189–196, 1991. Rodeghiero, M. and Cescatti, A.: Spatial variability and optimal sampling strategy of soil respiration, Forest Ecol. Manage., 255, 106–112, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.025, 2008. Rosenthal, R.: The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results, Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641, doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638, 1979. Rustad, L. E., Huntington, T. G., and Boone, R. D.: Controls on soil respiration: implications for climate change, Biogeochemistry, 48, 1–6, doi:10.1023/A:1006255431298, 2000. Rustad, L. E., Campbell, J. L., Marion, G. M., Norby, R. J., Mitchell, M. J., Hartley, A. E., Cornelissen, J. H., Gurevitch, J., and GCTE-NEWS: A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming, Oecologia, 126, 543–562, 2001. Saiz, G., Green, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Kiese, R., Avitabile, V., and Farrell, E. P.: Seasonal and spatial variability of soil respiration in four Sitka spruce stands, Plant and Soil, 287, 161–176, doi:10.1007/s11104-006-9052-0, 2006. Savage, K. E., Davidson, E. A., and Richardson, A. D.: A conceptual and practical approach to data quality and analysis procedures for high-frequency soil respiration measurements, Functional Ecology, 22, 1000–1007, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01414.x, 2008. Schlesinger, W. H.: Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus, Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics, 8, 51–81, 1977. Singh, J. S. and Gupta, S. R.: Plant decomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems, The Botanical Review, 43, 449–528, 1977. Sponseller, R. A. and Fisher, S. G.: The influence of drainage networks on patterns of soil respiration in a desert catchment, Ecology, 89, 1089–1100, doi: 10.1890/06-1933.1, 2008. Subke, J.-A., Inglima, I., and Cotrufo, M. F.: Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO₂ efflux partitioning: A metaanalytical review, Global Change Biol., 12, 921–943, 2006. Tang, J., Baldocchi, D. D., and Xu, L.: Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale, Global Change Biol., 11, 1298–1304, 2005. Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J. G., Schuur, E. A. G., Kuhry, P., Mazhitova, G., and Zimov, S. A.: Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB2023, doi:10.1029/2008GB003327, 2009. Thierron, V. and Laudelout, H.: Contribution of root respiration to total CO₂ efflux from the soil of a deciduous forest, Can. J. For. Res., 26, 1142–1148, doi:10.1139/cjfr-26-7-1142, 1996. Tjoelker, M. G., Oleksyn, J., and Reich, P. B.: Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature-dependent Q$_10$, Global Change Biol., 7, 223–230, 2001. Trumbore, S. E.: Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems–recent progress and challenges, Global Change Biol., 12, 141–153, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01067.x, 2006. van't Hoff, J. H.: Lectures on Theoretical and Physical Chemistry. Part 1. Chemical Dynamics, Edward Arnold, London, 1898. Vincent, G., Shahriari, A. R., Lucot, E., Badot, P.-M., and Epron, D.: Spatial and seasonal variations in soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest with fluctuating water table, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 2527–2535, 2006. Wan, S., Hui, D. and Luo, Y.: Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis, Ecol. Appl., 11, 1349–1365, 2001. Wayson, C. A., Randolph, J. C., Hanson, P. J., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Schmid, H. P.: Comparison of soil respiration methods in a mid-latitude deciduous forest, Biogeochemistry, 80, 173–189, doi:10.1007/s10533-006-9016-8, 2006. Webster, K. L., Creed, I. F., Beall, F. D., and Bourbonnière, R. A.: Sensitivity of catchment-aggregated estimates of soil carbon dioxide efflux to topography under different climatic conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 113, G03040, doi:10.1029/2008JG000707, 2008. Wise, M., Calvin, K. V., Thomson, A. M., Clarke, L. E., Bond-Lamberty, B., Sands, R. D., Smith, S. J., Janetos, A. C., and Edmonds, J. A.: Implications of limiting CO₂ concentrations for land use and energy, Science, 324, 1183–1186, doi:10.1126/science.1168475, 2009. Zhou, T., Phi, P., Hui, D., and Luo, Y.: Global pattern of temperature sensitivity of soil heterotrophic respiration (Q(10)) and its implications for carbon-climate feedback, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 114, G02016, doi:10.1029/2008JG000850, 2009. Zobitz, J. M., Moore, D. J. P., Sacks, W. J., Monson, R. K., Bowling, D. R., and Schimel, D. S.: Integration of process-based soil respiration models with whole-ecosystem CO₂ measurements, Ecosystems, 11, 250–269, doi:10.1007/s10021-007-9120-1, 2008.