Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 6 6 2009 10.5194/bg-6-937-2009 http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/937/2009/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/937/2009/bg-6-937-2009.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/937/2009/bg-6-937-2009.pdf 937 945 2009-06-03 Terrestrial carbon sinks in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado region predicted from MODIS satellite data and ecosystem modeling C. Potter chris.potter@nasa.gov S. Klooster A. Huete V. Genovese M. Bustamante L. Guimaraes Ferreira R. C. de Oliveira Jr. R. Zepp NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of Brazilian Amazon and <i>Cerrado</i> regions over the period 2000–2004. Net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO₂ in the region for these years was estimated. Consistently high carbon sink fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems on a yearly basis were found in the western portions of the states of Acre and Rondônia and the northern portions of the state of Pará. These areas were not significantly impacted by the 2002–2003 El Niño event in terms of net annual carbon gains. Areas of the region that show periodically high carbon source fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere on yearly basis were found throughout the state of Maranhão and the southern portions of the state of Amazonas. As demonstrated though tower site comparisons, NEP modeled with monthly MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) inputs closely resembles the measured seasonal carbon fluxes at the LBA Tapajos tower site. Modeling results suggest that the capacity for use of MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data to predict seasonal uptake rates of CO₂ in Amazon forests and <i>Cerrado</i> woodlands is strong. Amthor, J. S., Chen, J. M., Clein, J. S., Frolking, S. E., Goulden, M. L., Grant, R. F., Kimball, J. S., King, A. W., McGuire, A. D., Nikolov, N. T., Potter, C. S., Wang, S., and Wofsy, S. C.: Boreal forest CO₂ exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: Inter-model comparisons and relations to field measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33,623– 33,648, 2001. Asner, G. P., Townsend, A. R., and Braswell, B. H.: Satellite observation of El Nino effects on Amazon forest phenology and productivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 981–984, 2000. Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., McClain, C. R., Feldma, G. C., Los, S. Q., Tucker, C. I., Falkowski, P. G., Field, C. B., Frouin, R., Esaias, W. E., Kolber, D. D., and Pollack, N. H.: Biospheric primary production during an ENSO transition, Science, 291, 2594–2597, 2001. Chambers, J. Q., Tribuzy, E. S., Toledo, L. C., Crispim, B. F., Higuchi, N., dos Santos, J., Araujo, A. C., Kruijt, B., Nobre, A. D., and Trumbore, S. E.: Respiration from a tropical forest ecosystem: Partitioning of sources and low carbon use efficiency, Ecol. Appl., 14, S72–S88, 2004. DeFries, R., Hansen, M., and Townshend, J.: Global discrimination of land cover types from metrics derived from AVHRR Pathfinder data, Remote Sens. Environ., 54, 209–222, 1995. Foley, J. A., Botta, A., Coe, M. T., and Costa, M. H.: The El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the climate, ecosystems and rivers of Amazonia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1132, 10.1029/2002GB001872, 2002. Friedl, M. A., McIver, D. K., Hodges, J. C. F., Zhang, X. Y., Muchoney, D., Strahler, A. H., Woodcock, C. E., Gopal, S., Schneide, A., Cooper, A., Baccini, A., Gao, F., and Schaaf, C.: Global land cover mapping from MODIS: algorithms and early results, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 287–302, 2002. Goetz, S. J. and Prince, S. D.: Variability in light utilization and net primary production in boreal forest stands, Can. J. Forest Res., 28, 375–389, 1998. Hicke, J. A., Asner, G. P., Randerson, J. T., Tucker, C. J., Los, S. O., Birdsey, R., Jenkins, J. C., Field, C. B., and Holland, E. A.: Satellite-derived increases in net primary productivity across North America, 1982–1998, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1427, doi:10.1029/2001GL013578, 2002. Hirsch, A. I., Little, W., Houghton, R. A., Scott, N. A., and White, J. D.: The net carbon flux due to deforestation and forest re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon: Analysis using a process-based model, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 908–924, 2004. Houghton, R. A., Skole, D. L., Nobre, C. A., Hackler, J. L., Lawrence, K. T., and Chomentowski, W. H.: Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon, Nature, 403, 301–304, 2000. Huete, A., Didan, K., Miura, T., Rodriguez, E. P., Gao, X., and Ferreira, L. G.: Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 195–213, 2002. Huete, A. R., Didan, K., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Ratana, P., Saleska, S. R., Hutyra, L. R., Fitzjarrald, D., Yang, W., Nemani, R. R., and Myneni, R.: Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in the dry season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06405, doi:10.1029/2005GL025583, 2006. Hutyra L. R., Munger, J. W., Saleska, S. R., Gottlieb, E., Daube, B. C., Dunn, A. L., Amaral, D. F., de Camargo, P. B., and Wofsy, S. C.: Seasonal controls on the exchange of carbon and water in an Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G03008, doi:10.1029/2006JG000365, 2007. Janowiak, J. E. and Xie, P.: CAMS-OPI: a global satellite-rain gauge merged product for real-time precipitation monitoring applications, J. Climate, 12 3335–42, 1999. Kindermann, J., Wurth, G., Kohlmaier, G. H., and Badeck, F. W.: Interannual variation of carbon exchange fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, Global Biogeochemical Cy., 10, 737–755, 1996. Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP-NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247–268, 2001. Laszlo, I., Pinker, R. T., and Whitlock, C. H.: LBA-HYD PC-02 Surface/Top of the Atmosphere Shortwave Radiation Budget (SRB): CD–ROM, Data Set, Available at http://lba.cptec.inpe.br/ from LBA Data and Information System, National Institute for Space Research (INPE/CPTEC), Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2006. Laszlo, I., Pinker, R. T., and Whitlock, C. H.: Comparison of shortwave fluxes derived from two versions of the ISCCP products, in: IRS'96: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by: Smith, W., A Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, USA, 762–765, 1997. Malmström, C. M., Thompson, M. V., Juday, G. P., Los, S. O., Randerson, J. T., and Field, C. B.: Interannual variation in global scale net primary production: Testing model estimates, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 367–392, 1997. Martens, C. S., Shay, T. J., Mendlovitz, H. P., Matross, D. M., Saleska, S. R., Wofsy, S. C., Woodward, W. S., Menton, M. C., De Moura, J. M. S., Crill, P. M., De Moraes, O. L. L., and Lima, R. L.: Radon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia: night-time CO₂ net ecosystem exchange derived from radon and eddy covariance methods, Glob. Change Biol., 10(5), 618–629, 2004. Monteith, J. L.: Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems, J. Appl. Ecol., 9, 747–766, 1972. New, M. G., Hulme, M., and Jones, P. D.: Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part~II: Development of 1901–1996 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate, J. Climate, 13, 2217–2238, 2000. Olson, R. J., Scurlock, J. M. O., Cramer, W., Parton, W. J., and Prince, S. D.: From Sparse Field Observations to a Consistent Global Dataset on Net Primary Production, IGBP-DIS, Toulouse, France, Working Paper No 16, 1997. Parton, W. J., McKeown, B., Kirchner, V., and Ojima, D.: CENTURY Users Manual, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 35~pp., 1992. Potter, C. S.: Terrestrial biomass and the effects of deforestation on the global carbon cycle, BioScience, 49, 769–778, 1999. Potter, C., Tan, P., Kumar, V., Kucharik, C., Klooster, S., Genovese, V., Cohen, W., and Healey, S.: Recent history of large-scale ecosystem disturbances in North America derived from the AVHRR satellite record, Ecosystems, 8(7), 808–827, 2005. Potter, C., Klooster, S., Steinbach, M., Tan, P., Kumar, V., Shekhar, S., and Carvalho, C.: Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates of Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 693–703, 2004. Potter, C., Klooster, S., Myneni, R., Genovese, V., Tan, P., and Kumar, V.: Continental scale comparisons of terrestrial carbon sinks estimated from satellite data and ecosystem modeling 1982–98, Global Planet. Change, 39, 201–213, 2003. Potter, C. S., Brooks-Genovese, V., Klooster, S. A., and Torregrosa, A.: Biomass burning emissions of reactive gases estimated from satellite data analysis and ecosystem modeling for the Brazilian Amazon region, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8056, 10.1029/2000JD000250, 2002. Potter, C. S., Klooster, S., de Carvalho, C. R., Brooks-Genovese, V., Torregrosa, A., Dungan, J., Bobo, M., and Coughlan, J.: Modeling seasonal and interannual variability in ecosystem carbon cycling for the Brazilian Amazon region, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D10), 10 423–10 446, 2001. Potter, C. S., Bubier, J., Crill, P., and LaFleur, P.: Ecosystem modeling of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes for boreal forest sites, Can. J. Forest Res., 31, 208–223, 2001. Potter, C. S., Klooster, S. A., and Brooks, V.: Interannual variability in terrestrial net primary production: Exploration of trends and controls on regional to global scales, Ecosystems, 2, 36–48, 1999. Potter, C. S., Davidson, E. A., Klooster, S. A., Nepstad, D. C., de Negreiros, G. H., and Brooks, V.: Regional application of an ecosystem production model for studies of biogeochemistry in Brazilian Amazonia, Glob. Change Biol., 4(3), 315–334, 1998. Potter, C. S., Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B., Matson, P. A., Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., and Klooster, S. A.: Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 811–841, 1993. Prentice, I. C. and Lloyd, J.: C-quest in the Amazon basin, Nature, 396, 619–620, 1998. Priestly, C. H. B. and Taylor, R. J.: On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 81–92, 1972. Rahman, A. F., Sims, D. A., Cordova, V. D., and El-Masri, B. Z.: Potential of MODIS EVI and surface temperature for directly estimating per-pixel ecosystem C fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19404, doi:10.1029/2005GL024127, 2005. Running, S. W. and Nemani, R. R.: Relating seasonal patterns of the AVHRR vegetation index to simulated photosynthesis and transpiration of forests in different climates, Remote Sens. Environ., 24, 347–367, 1998. Saleska, S. R., Miller, S. D., Matross, D. M., Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C., da Rocha, H. R., de Camargo, P. B., Crill, P., Daube, B. C., de Freitas, H. C., Hutyra, L., Keller, M., Kirchhoff, V., Menton, M., Munger, J. W., Pyle, E. H., Rice, A. H., and Silva, H.: Carbon in Amazon forests: Unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses, Science, 302, 1554–1557, 2003. Tian, H. Q., Melillo, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., McGuire, A. D., Helfrich, J. V. K., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems, Nature, 396, 664–667, 1998. Turner, D. P., Ritts, W. D., Cohen, W. B., Maeirsperger, T. K., Gower, S. T., Kirschbaum, A., Running, S. W., Zhao, M., Wofsy, S. C., Dunn, A. L., Law, B. E., Campbell, J. C., Oechel, W. C., Kwon, H. J., Meyers, T. P., Small, E. E., Kurc, S. A., and Gamon, J. A.: Site-level evaluation of satellite-based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 666–684, 2005. Van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Giglio, L.: Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 9(4), 547–562, 2003. Xiao, X., Zhang, Q., Braswell, B., Urbanski, S., Boles, S., Wofsy, S., Moore, B., and Ojima, D.: Modeling gross primary production of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest using satellite images and climate data, Remote Sens. Environ., 91, 256–270, 2004. Zhang, Q., Xiao, X., Braswell, B., Linder, E., Baret, F., and Moore, B.: Estimating light absorption by chlorophyll, leaf and canopy in a deciduous broadleaf forest using MODIS data and a radiative transfer model, Remote Sens. Environ., 99 (3), 357–371, 2005. Zeng, N., Yoon, J.-H., Marengo, J. A., Subramaniam, A., Nobre, C. A., Mariotti, A., and Neelin, J. D.: Causes and impacts of the 2005 Amazon drought, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 014002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/014002, 2008. Zheng, D., Prince, S., and Wright, R.: Terrestrial net primary production estimates for 0.5&deg; grid cells from field observations – A contribution to global biogeochemical modeling, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 46–64, 2003.