Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 6 4 2009 10.5194/bg-6-633-2009 http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/633/2009/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/633/2009/bg-6-633-2009.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/633/2009/bg-6-633-2009.pdf 633 646 2009-04-23 Mesoscale modelling of the CO₂ interactions between the surface and the atmosphere applied to the April 2007 CERES field experiment C. Sarrat claire.sarrat@cnrm.meteo.fr J. Noilhan P. Lacarrère E. Ceschia P. Ciais A. J. Dolman J. A. Elbers C. Gerbig B. Gioli T. Lauvaux F. Miglietta B. Neininger M. Ramonet O. Vellinga J. M. Bonnefond CNRM-GAME, Météo France, 42 avenue Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085,1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany ALTERRA, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Ibimet CNR, Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy MetAir, Sonnenberg 27, 6313 Menzingen, Switzerland LSCE, CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France CESBIO, 8 av. E. Belin, 31401 Toulouse, France INRA, B.P. 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France This paper describes a numerical interpretation of the April 2007, CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) campaign, devoted to the study of the CO₂ cycle at the regional scale. Four consecutive clear sky days with intensive observations of CO₂ concentration, fluxes at the surface and in the boundary layer have been simulated with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, coupled to ISBA-A-gs land surface model. The main result of this paper is to show how aircraft observations of CO₂ concentration have been used to identify surface model errors and to calibrate the CO₂ driving component of the surface model. In fact, the comparisons between modelled and observed CO₂ concentrations within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) allow to calibrate and correct not only the parameterization of respired CO₂ fluxes by the ecosystem but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the dominating land cover. After this calibration, the paper describes systematic comparisons of the model outputs with numerous data collected during the CERES campaign, in April 2007. For instance, the originality of this paper is the spatial integration of the comparisons. In fact, the aircraft observations of CO₂ concentration and fluxes and energy fluxes are used for the model validation from the local to the regional scale. As a conclusion, the CO₂ budgeting approach from the mesoscale model shows that the winter croplands are assimilating more CO₂ than the pine forest, at this stage of the year and this case study. Ahmadov, R., Gerbig, C., Kretschmer, R., Koerner, S., Neininger, B., Dolman, A., and Sarrat, C.: Mesoscale covariance of transport and CO₂ fluxes: evidence from observations and simulations using the WRF-VPRM coupled atmosphere-biosphere model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 22107–22107, 2007. Bélair, S., Lacarrère, P., Noilhan, J., Masson, V., and Stein, J.: High-resolution simulation of surface and turbulent fluxes during HAPEX-MOBILHY, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 2234–2253, 1998. Calvet, J.-C., Noilhan, J., Roujean, J.-L., Bessemoulin, P., Cabelguenne, M., Olioso, A., and Wigneron, J.-P.: An interactive vegetation SVAT model tested against data from six contrasting sites, Agri. For. Meteor., 92, 73–95, 1998. Champeaux, J., Fortin, H., and Han, K.-S.: Spatio-temporal characterization of biomes over south-west of France using SPOT/VEGETATION and Corine Land Cover datasets, IGARSS'05 Proceedings, 2005. Denning, S., Nicholls, M., Prihodko, L., Baker, I., Vidale, P.-L., Davis, K., and Bakwin, P.: Simulated variations in atmospheric CO₂ over a Wisconsin forest using a coupled ecosystem-atmosphere model, Global Change Biol., 9, 1241–1250, 2003. Dolman, A., Noilhan, J., Durand, P., Sarrat, C., Brut, A., Butet, A., Jarosz, N., Brunet, Y., Loustau, D., Lamaud, E., Tolk, L., Ronda, R., Miglietta, F., Gioli, B., Magliulo, E., Esposito, M., Gerbig, C., Körner, S., Galdemard, P., Ramonet, M., Ciais, P., Neininger, B., Hutjes, R., Elbers, J., Warnecke, T., Landa, G., Sanz, M., Scholz, Y., and Facon, G.: CERES, the Carboeurope Regional Experiment Strategy in les Landes, South West France, May–June 2005, BAMS, 87, 1367–1379, 2006. Dolman, A., Gerbig, C., Noilhan, J., and Sarrat, C.: Detecting regional variability in sources and sinks of carbon dioxide: a synthesis, Biogeosciences Discuss., 6, 2331–2355, 2009. Gioli, B. a. F M., Martino, B D., Hutjes, R A., Dolman, H. A J., Lindroth, A., Schumacher, M., Sanz, M., Manca, G., Peressotti, A., and Dumas, E J.: Comparison between tower and aircraft-based eddy covariance fluxes in five European regions, Agr. For. Meteorol., 127, 1–16, 2004. Habets, F., Noilhan, J., Golaz, C., Goutorbe, J., Lacarrère, P., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Martin, E., Ottlé, C., and Vidal, D.: The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied in the Hapex-Mobilhy area, J. Hydrol., 217, 75–96, 1999. Hoyaux, J., Moureaux, C.,Tourneur, D., Bodson, B., and Aubinet, M.: Extrapolating gross primary productivity from leaf to canopy scale in a winter wheat crop, Agr. For. Meteorol., 148, 668–679, 2008. Jacobs, C. M. J. : Direct impact of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on regional transpiration, Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1994. Jacquemin, B. and Noilhan, J.: Validation of a land surface parameterization using the HAPEX-MOBILHY dataset, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 52, 93–134, 1990. Lauvaux, T., Pannekoucke, O., Sarrat, C., Chevalier, F., Ciais, P., Noilhan, J., and Rayner, P.: Structure of the transport uncertainty in mesoscale inversions of CO₂ sources and sinks using ensemble model simulations, Biogeosciences Discuss., 5, 4813–4846, 2008a. Lauvaux, T., Uliaz, M., Sarrat, C., Chevalier, F., Bousquet, P., Lac, C., Davis, K., Ciais, P., Denning, A., and Rayner, P.: Mesoscale inversion: first results from the CERES campaign with synthetic data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3459–3471, 2008b. Masson, V., Champeaux, J., Chauvin, F., Mériguet, C., and Lacaze, R.: A global database of land surface parameters at 1 km resolution for use in meteorological and climate models, J. Clim., 16, 1261–1282, 2003. Nicholls, M., Denning, S., Prihdodko, L., Vidale, P.-L., Baker, I., Davis, K., and Bakwin, P.: A multiple-scale simulation of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide using a coupled biosphere-atmospheric model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 18117–18117, doi:10.1029/2003JD004 482, 2004. Noilhan, J. and Planton, S.: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 536–549, 1989. Noilhan, J. and Lacarrère, P.: GCM gridscale evaporation from mesoscale modelling, J. Clim., 8, 206–223, 1995. Pérez-Landa, G., Ciais, P., Gangoilti, G., Palau, J., Carrara, A., Gioli, B., Miglietta, F., Schumacher, M., Millan, M., and Sanz, J.: Mesoscale circulations over complex terrain in the Valencia coastal region, Spain – Part 2: Modelling CO₂ transport using idealized surface fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1851–1868, 2007. Rivallant, V., Calvet, J.-C., Berbigier, P., Brunet, Y., and Granier, A.: Transpiration and CO₂ fluxes of a pine forest: modelling the undergrowth effect., Ann. Geophys., 23, 291–304, 2005. Sarrat, C., Noilhan, J., Dolman, A., Gerbig, C., Ahmadov, R., Tolk, L., Meesters, A., Hutjes, R., Maat, H T., Pèrez-Landa, G., and Donier, S.: Atmospheric CO₂ modelling at the regional scale: An intercomparison of 5 mesoscale atmospheric models, Biogeosciences, 4, 1115–1126, 2007a. Sarrat, C., Noilhan, J., Lacarrère, P., Donier, S., Lac, C., Calvet, J.-C., Dolman, A., Gerbig, C., Neininger, B., Ciais, P., Paris, J., Boumard, F., Ramonet, M., and Butet, A.: Atmospheric CO₂ modelling at the regional scale : Application to the CarboEurope Regional Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 12105–12105, doi:10.1029/2006JD008107, 2007b. Sarrat, C., Noilhan, J., Lacarrère, P., Masson, V., Ceschia, E., Ciais, P., Dolman, A., Elbers, J., Gerbig, C., and Jarosz, N.: CO₂ budgeting at the regional scale using a Lagrangian experimental strategy and mesoscale modelling, Biogeosciences, 6, 113–127, 2009. Takahashi, T., Feely, R., Weiss, R F., Wanninkhof, R H., Chipman, D W., Sutherland, S., and Takahashi, T T.: Global air-sea flux of CO₂ : An estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO₂ difference, Proc. Natl. Acad., 94, 8292–8299, 1997.