Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 6 4 2009 10.5194/bg-6-501-2009 http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/501/2009/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/501/2009/bg-6-501-2009.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/501/2009/bg-6-501-2009.pdf 501 513 2009-04-02 Phosphorus burial in the ocean over glacial-interglacial time scales F. Tamburini federica.tamburini@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch K. B. Föllmi Geological Institute, D-ERDW, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Institut de Géologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland now at: Group of Plant Nutrition, D-AGRL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland now at: Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie, IGP, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland The role of nutrients, such as phosphorus (P), and their impact on primary productivity and the fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ over glacial-interglacial periods are intensely debated. Suggestions as to the importance of P evolved from an earlier proposal that P actively participated in changing productivity rates and therefore climate change, to most recent ones that changes in the glacial ocean inventory of phosphorus were important but not influential if compared to other macronutrients, such as nitrate. Using new data coming from a selection of ODP sites, we analyzed the distribution of oceanic P sedimentary phases and calculate reactive P burial fluxes, and we show how P burial fluxes changed over the last glacial-interglacial period at these sites. Concentrations of reactive P are generally lower during glacial times, while mass accumulation rates (MAR) of reactive P show higher variability. If we extrapolate for the analyzed sites, we may assume that in general glacial burial fluxes of reactive P are lower than those during interglacial periods by about 8%, because the lack of burial of reactive P on the glacial shelf reduced in size, was apparently not compensated by burial in other regions of the ocean. Using the calculated changes in P burial, we evaluate their possible impact on the phosphate inventory in the world oceans. Using a simple mathematical approach, we find that these changes alone could have increased the phosphate inventory of glacial ocean waters by 17–40% compared to interglacial stages. Variations in the distribution of sedimentary P phases at the investigated sites seem to indicate that at the onset of interglacial stages, shallower sites experienced an increase in reactive P concentrations, which seems to point to P-richer waters at glacial terminations. All these findings would support the Shelf-Nutrient Hypothesis, which assumes that during glacial low stands nutrients are transferred from shallow sites to deep sea with possible feedback on the carbon cycle. Anderson, L D. and Delaney, M L.: Sequential extraction and analysis of phosphorus in marine sediments: Streamlining of the SEDEX procedure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 509–515, 2000. Anderson, L D. and Delaney, M L.: Carbon to phosphorus ratios in sediments: implications for nutrient cycling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 65–79, 2001. Babu, P C. and Nath, N.: Processes controlling forms of phosphorus in surficial sediments from the eastern Arabian Sea impinged by varying bottom water oxygenation conditions, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 1965–1980, 2005. Baturin, G N.: Disseminated phosphorus in oceanic sediments –a review, Mar. Geol., 84, 95–104, 1988. Bickert, T., Berger, W H., Burcke, S., Schmidt, H., and Wefer, G.: Late Quaternary stable isotope record of benthic foraminifers: Sites 805 and 806, Ontong Java Plateau, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Berger, W., Kroenke, L., and Mayer, L., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 130, 411–420, 1993. Boyle, E A. and Keigwin, L.: North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20 000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature, Nature, 330, 35–40, 1987. Broecker, W S.: Ocean chemistry during glacial time, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 46, 1689–1705, 1982. Broecker, W S. and Peng, T.-H.: Tracers in the Sea, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA, 1982. Bühring, C., Sarnthein, M., and Party, L. S S.: Toba ash layers in the South China Sea: evidence of contrasting wind directions during eruption ca 74 ka, Geology, 28, 275–278, 2000. Cha, H J., Lee, C B., Kim, B S., Choi, M S., and Ruttenberg, K C.: Early diagenetic redistribution and burial of phosphorus in the sediments of the southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea), Mar. Geol., 216, 127–143, 2005. Colman, A S. and Holland, H D.: The global diagenetic flux of phosphorus from marine sediments to the oceans: redox sensitivity and the control of atmospheric oxygen levels, in: Marine authigenesis: from global to microbial, SEPM, 66, 53–75, 2000. Delaney, M L.: Phosphorus accumulation in marine sediments and the oceanic phosphorus cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 563–572, 1998. Eaton, A., Clesceri, L., and Greenberg, A. (Eds.): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19 edn., 1995. Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F.: La pyrolise Rock-Eval et ses applications – III Partie, Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet., 41, 73–89, 1986. Faul, K L., Paytan, A., and Delaney, M L.: Phosphorus distribution in sinking oceanic particulate matter, Mar. Chem., 97, 307–333, 2005. Filippelli, G M.: Controls on phosphorus concentration and accumulation in oceanic sediments, Mar. Geol., 139, 231–240, 1997. Filippelli, G M. and Delaney, M L.: Phosphorus geochemistry of equatorial Pacific sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60, 1479–1495, 1996. Filippelli, G M., Latimer, J C., Murray, R W., and Flores, J A.: Productivity records from the Southern Ocean and the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Testing the Glacial Shelf-Nutrient Hypothesis, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 2443–2452, 2007. Föllmi, K B.: The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits, Earth-Sci. Rev., 40, 55–124, 1996. Föllmi, K B., Cramp, A., Föllmi, K E., Alexandrovich, J M., Brunner, C., Burckle, L H., Casey, M., deMenocal, P., Dunbar, R B., Grimm, K A., Holler, P., Ingle, J. C J., Kheradyar, T., McEvoy, J., Nobes, D C., Stein, R., Tada, R., von Breymann, M T., and White, L D.: Dark-light rhythms in the sediments of the Japan Sea: Preliminary results from Site 798, with some additional results from Sites 797 and 799, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Pisciotto, K., Ingle, J., von Breymann, M., Barron, J., et al., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 127–128, 559–576, 1992. Föllmi, K B., Hosein, R., Arn, K., and Steinmann, P.: Weathering and the mobility of phosphorus in the catchements and forefields of the Rhône and Oberaar glaciers, central Switzerland: implications for the global phosphorus cycle on glacial-interglacial timescales, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 73(8), 2252–2282, 2009. Frank, M., Gersonde, R., Rutgers van~der Loeff, M., Bohrmann, G., Nümberg, C N., Kubik, P W., Suter, M., and Mangini, A.: Similar glacial and interglacial export bioproductivity in the Atlantic secton of the Southern Ocean: Multiproxy evidence and implications for glacial atmospheric CO₂, Paleoceanography, 15, 642–658, 2000. Ganeshram, R S., Pedersen, T F., Calvert, S E., and Fran\c cois, R.: Reduced nitrogen fixation in the glacial ocean inferred from changes in marine nitrogen and phosphorus inventories, Nature, 415, 156–159, 2002. Ingall, E. and Jahnke, R.: Influence of water-column anoxia on the elemental fractionation of carbon and phosphorus during sediment diagenesis, Mar. Geol., 139, 219–229, 1997. Ingle, J C. J., Suyehiro, K., von Breymann, M T., Bristow, J S., Burkle, L H., Charvet, J., Cragg, B A., de~Menocal, P., Dunbar, R B., Follmi, K B., Griffin, J R., Grimm, K A., Hamano, Y., Hirata, N., Holler, P., Isaacs, C M., Kato, M., Kettler, R., Kheradyar, T., Krumsiek, K. A O., Ling, H.-Y., Matsumoto, R., Muza, J P., Parkes, R J., Pouclet, A., Scott, S D., Stein, R., and Sturz, A A.: Site 798 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Japan Sea, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 128, 121–236, 1989. Jaccard, S L., Haug, G H., Sigman, D M., Pedersen, T F., Thierstein, H R., and Röhl, U.: Glacial/Interglacial changes in Subarctic North Pacific Stratification, Science, 308, 1003–1006, 2005. Jarvis, I., Burnett, W C., Nathan, Y., Almbaydin, F. S M., Attia, A. K M., Castro, L N., Flicoteaux, R., Hilmy, M E., Husain, V., Qutawnah, A A., Serjani, A., and Zanin, Y N.: Phosphorite geochemistry: state-of-art and environmental concerns, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 87, 643–700, 1994. Kroenke, L W., Berger, W H., Janecek, T R., Backman, J., Bassinot, F., Corfield, R M., Delaney, M L., Hagen, R A., Jansen, E., Krisek, L A., Lange, C., Leckie, R M., Lind, I L., Lyle, M W., Mahoney, J J., Marsters, J C., Mayer, L A., Mosher, D C., Musgrave, R., Prentice, M L., Resig, J M., Schmidt, H., Stax, R., Storey, M., Takahashi, K., Takayama, T., Tarduno, J A., Wilkens, R H., Wu, G., and Krissek, L A.: Site 806 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Ontong Java Plateau, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, edited by: Barbu, E M., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 130, 291–367, 1991. Kump, L R. and Alley, R B.: Global chemical weathering on glacial timescales, in: Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth, edited by: Usselman, T. and Hay, W., Geophysics Study Committee, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., USA, 46–60, 1994. Martin, J H., Gordon, R M., and Fitzwater, S E.: The case for iron, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1793–1802, 1991. McManus, J F., Major, C O., Flower, B P., and Fronval, T.: Variability in sea-surface conditions in the North Atlantic-Arctic gateways during the last 140 000 years, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Thiede, J., Myhre, A., Firth, J., Johnson, G., and Ruddiman, W., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 151, 437–444, 1996. Meybeck, M. and Vörösmarty, C.: Fluvial filtering of land-to-ocean fluxes: from natural Holocene variations to Anthropocene, C. R. Geosci., 337, 107–123, 2005. Moore, J K. and Doney, S C.: Iron availability limits the ocean nitrogen inventory stabilizing feedbacks between marine denitrification and nitrogen fixation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2001, doi:10.1029/2006GB002762, 2007. Myhre, A M., Thiede, J., Firth, J V., Ahagon, N., Black, K S., Bloemendal, J., Brass, G W., Bristow, J F., Chow, N., Cremer, M., Davis, L., Flower, B P., Fronval, T., Hood, J., Hull, D M., Koc, N., Larsen, B., Lyle, M W., McManus, J., O'Connell, S., Osterman, L E., Rack, F R., Sato, T., Scherer, R P., Spiegler, D., Stein, R., Tadross, M., Wells, S., Williamson, D., Witte, B., Wolf-Welling, T., Flower, B., and Hull, D.: Site 907 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program; initial reports; North Atlantic-Arctic gateways, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, edited by: Marin, J A., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 151, 57–111, 1995. Paillard, D. and Parrenin, F.: The Antarctic ice sheet and the triggering of deglaciations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 227, 263–271, 2004. Pelejero, C., Kienast, M., Wang, L., and Grimalt, J O.: The flooding of Sundaland during the last deglaciation: imprints in hemipelagic sediments from the southern South China Sea, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 171, 661–671, 1999. Prell, W L., Niitsuma, N., Emeis, K.-C., Al-Sulaiman, Z K., Al-Tobbah, A. N K., Anderson, D M., Barnes, R O., Bilak, R A., Bloemendal, J., Bray, C J., Busch, W H., Clemens, S C., de~Menocal, P., Debrabant, P., Hayashida, A., Hermelin, J. O R., Jarrard, R D., Krissek, L A., Kroon, D., Murray, D W., Nigrini, C A., Pedersen, T F., Ricken, W., Shimmield, G B., Spaulding, S A., Takayama, T., ten Haven, H L., and Weedon, G P.: Site 724 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Oman margin/Neogene package, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 117, 385–417, 1989. Ruddiman, W., Sarnthein, M., Baldauf, J., Backman, J., Bloemendal, J., Curry, W., Farrimond, P., Faugeres, J C., Janacek, T., Katsura, Y., Manivit, H., Mazzullo, J., Mienert, J., Pokras, E., Raymo, M., Schultheiss, P., Stein, R., Tauxe, L., Valet, J.-P., Weaver, P., and Yasuda, H.: Site 658 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, eastern tropical Atlantic, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, edited by: Stewart, S K. and Rose, W D., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 108, 105–219, 1988. Ruttenberg, K C.: Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1460–1482, 1992. Ruttenberg, K C.: Reassessment of the oceanic residence time of phosphorus, Chem. Geol., 107, 407–409, 1993. Ruttenberg, K C.: The global phosphorus cycle, in: Treatise on geochemistry, edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K T., Elsevier, 8, 585–643, 2005. Ruttenberg, K C. and Berner, R A.: Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling, continental margin environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 57, 991–1007, 1993. Sanyal, A., Hemming, N G., and Broecker, W S.: Changes in pH in the eastern equatorial Pacific across stage 5–6 boundary based on boron isotopes in foraminifera, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 125–133, 1997. Sarnthein, M. and Tiedemann, R.: Toward a high-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of the last 3.4 million years: sites 658 and 659 off Northwest Africa, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program; Scientific Results, edited by: Ruddiman, W., Sarnthein, M., Baldauf, J., and Heath, R., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 108, 167–185, 1989. Schenau, S J., Slomp, C P., and De~Lange, G J.: Phosphogenesis and active phosphorite formation in sediments from the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone, Mar. Geol., 169, 1–20, 2000. Schenau, S J., Reichart, G J., and De~Lange, G J.: Phosphorus burial as a function of paleoproductivity and redox conditions in Arabian Sea sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 69, 919–931, 2005. Sirocko, F., Garbe-Schönberg, D., and Devey, C.: Processes controlling trace elements geochemistry of Arabian Sea sediments during the last 25 000 years, Global Planet. Change, 26, 217–303, 2000. Slomp, C. P. and Van Cappellen, P.: The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation, Biogeosciences, 4, 155–171, 2007. Suess, E., von Huene, R., Emeis, K.-C., Bourgois, J., Cruzado~Castaneda, J. d C., De~Wever, P., Eglinton, G., Garrison, R., Greenberg, M., Paz, E H., Hill, P R., Ibaraki, M., Kastner, M., Kemp, A. E S., Kvenvolden, K A., Langridge, R., Lindsley-Griffin, N., Marsters, J., Martini, E., McCabe, R., Ocola, L., Resig, J., Sanchez~Fernandez, A W., Schrader, H.-J., Thornburg, T M., Wefer, G., and Yamano, M.: Site 680 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Peru continental margin, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, edited by: Stewart, S K., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 112, 249–303, 1988. Tada, R., Irino, T., and Koizumi, I.: Land-ocean linkages over orbital and millennial scales recorded in late Quaternary sediments of the Japan Sea, Paleoceanography, 14, 236–247, 1999. Tamburini, F.: Phosphorus in marine sediments during the last 150 000 years: exploring relationships between continental weathering, productivity and climate, Ph.D. thesis, electronic document, University of Neuchâtel, 2002. Tamburini, F., Huon, S., Steinmann, P., Grousset, F E., Adatte, T., and Föllmi, K B.: Dysaerobic conditions during Heinrich events 4 and 5: Evidence from Phosphorus distribution in a North atlantic deep-sea core, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 66, 4069–4083, 2002. Tamburini, F., Adatte, T., Follmi, K B., Bernasconi, S M., and Steinmann, P.: Investigating the history of East Asian monsoon and climate during the last glacial-interglacial period (0–140 000 years): mineralogy and geochemistry of ODP Sites 1143 and 1144, South China Sea, Mar. Geol., 201, 147–168, 2003. Tian, J., Wang, P., Cheng, X., and Li, Q.: Astronomically tuned Plio-Pleistocene benthic $\delta^18$O record from South China Sea and Atlantic-Pacific comparison, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 203(3–4), 1015–1029, 2002. Toggweiler, J R.: Variation of atmosphere CO₂ by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water, Paleoceanography, 14, 571–588, 1999. Tsandev, I., Clomp, C P., and Van~Cappellen, P.: Glacial-interglacial variations in marine phosphorus cycling: Implications for ocean productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4004, doi:10.1029/2007GB003054, 2008. Van~Cappellen, P. and Ingall, E D.: Benthic phosphorus regeneration, net primary production, and ocean anoxia: a model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles and phosphorus, Paleoceanography, 9, 677–698, 1994. Wallmann, K.: Feedbacks between oceanic redox states and marine productivity: a model perspective focused on benthic phosphorus cycling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(3), 1084, doi:10.1029/2002GB001968, 2003. Wang, P., Prell, W L., Blum, P., Arnold, E M., Buehring, C J., Chen, M.-P., Clemens, S C., Clift, P D., Colin, C. J G., Farrell, J W., Higginson, M J., Zhimin, J., Kuhnt, W., Laj, C E., Lauer-Leredde, C., Leventhal, J S., Anchun, L., Qingmou, L., Jian, L., McIntyre, K., Miranda, C R., Nathan, S A., Shyu, J.-P., Solheid, P A., Xin, S., Tamburini, F., Trentesaux, A., Wang, L., and Khunt, W.: Sites 1143–1144, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, initial reports, South China Sea; covering Leg 184 of the cruises of the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Part A: Initial Reports, edited by: Nessler, S. and Green, L., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 184, p 97, 2000. Wefer, G., Heinze, P., and Suess, E.: Stratigraphy and sedimentation rates from oxygen isotope composition, organic carbon content, and grain-size distribution at the Peru upwelling region: Holes 680B and 686B, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 112, 355–367, 1990. Wheat, C G., McManus, J., Mottl, M J., and Giambalvo, E.: Oceanic phosphorus imbalance: Magnitude of the mid-ocean ridge flank hydrothermal sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(17), 1895, doi:10.1029/2003GL017318, 2003. Zahn, R. and Pedersen, T F.: Late Pleistocene evolution of surface and mid-depth hydrography at the Oman margin: planktonic and benthic isotope records at Site 724, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Prell, W. and Niitsuma, N., ODP, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, USA, 117, 291–308, 1991.