Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 6 12 2009 10.5194/bg-6-2733-2009 http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/2733/2009/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/2733/2009/bg-6-2733-2009.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/2733/2009/bg-6-2733-2009.pdf 2733 2741 2009-12-01 Optimization of the seasonal cycles of simulated CO₂ flux by fitting simulated atmospheric CO₂ to observed vertical profiles Y. Nakatsuka S. Maksyutov shamil@nies.go.jp National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan An inverse of a combination of atmospheric transport and flux models was used to optimize the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) terrestrial ecosystem model properties such as light use efficiency and temperature dependence of the heterotrophic respiration separately for each vegetation type. The method employed in the present study is based on minimizing the differences between the simulated and observed seasonal cycles of CO₂ concentrations. In order to compensate for possible vertical mixing biases in a transport model we use airborne observations of CO₂ vertical profile aggregated to a partial column instead of surface observations used predominantly in other parameter optimization studies. Effect of the vertical mixing on optimized net ecosystem production (NEP) was evaluated by carrying out 2 sets of inverse calculations: one with partial-column concentration data from 15 locations and another with near-surface CO₂ concentration data from the same locations. We confirmed that the simulated growing season net flux (GSNF) and net primary productivity (NPP) are about 14% higher for northern extra-tropical land when optimized with partial column data as compared to the case with near-surface data. Agbu, P. A. and James, M. E.: The NOAA/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR land data set user's manual, in: Goddard Distribute Active Archive Center, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 1994. Andres, R. J., Marland, G., Fung, I., and Matthews, E.: A 1$^\circ\times$1° distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture, 1950-1990, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10(3), 419–429, 1996. Bishop, J. K. B. and Rossow, W. B.: Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance, J. Geophys. Res., 96(C9), 16839–16858, 1991. Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Ramonet, M., and Monfray, P.: Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric CO₂ sources and sinks 1. Method and control inversion, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26161–26178, 1999. Brenkert A. L.: Carbon dioxide emission estimates from fossil fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring for 1995 on a one degree grid cell basis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory – Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp058a.html, 1998. Cramer, W., Kicklighter, D. W., Bondeau, A., Moore, B., Churkina, C., Nemry, B., Ruimy, A., and Schloss, A. L.: Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Overview and key results, Glob. Change Biol., 5, 1–15, 1999. Enting, I.: Inverse problems in atmospheric constituent transport, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 412 pp., 2002. Fung, I. Y., Tucker, C. J., and Prentice, K. C.: Application of advanced very high-resolution radiometer vegetation index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO₂, J. Geophys. Res., 92(D3), 2999–3015, 1987. GLOBALVIEW-CO2: Cooperative atmospheric data integration project – carbon dioxide., in, CD-ROM, NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colorado [Also available on Internet via anonymous FTP to ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov, Path: ccg/co2/GLOBALVIEW], 2007. Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y. H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y., Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Randerson, J., Sarmiento, J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C. W.: Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626–630, 2002. Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Pak, B. C., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y. H., Ciais, P., Fung, I. Y., Heimann, M., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Peylin, P., Prather, M., and Taguchi, S.: Transcom-3 inversion intercomparison: Model mean results for the estimation of seasonal carbon sources and sinks, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1010, doi:10.1029/2003GB002111, 2004. Ishizawa, M., Chan, D., Higuchi, K., Maksyutov, S., Yuen, C. W., Chen, J., and Worthy, D.: Rectifier effect in an atmospheric model with daily biospheric fluxes: Impact on inversion calculation, Tellus, 58B, 447–462, 2006. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, 1996. Kaminski, T., Knorr, W., Rayner, P. J., and Heimann, M.: Assimilating atmospheric data into a terrestrial biosphere model: A case study of the seasonal cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1066, doi:10.1029/2001GB001463, 2002. Law, R. M., Chen, Y. H., Gurney, K. R. and Transcom-3 Modelers: Transcom-3 CO2 inversion intercomparison: 2. Sensitivity of annual mean results to data choices, Tellus, 55B, 580–595, 2003. Law R., Peters W., Rödenbeck C., Aulagnier C., Baker I., Bergmann D. J., Bousquet P., Brandt J., Bruhwiler L., Cameron-Smith P. J., Christensen J. H., Delage F., Denning A. S., Fan S., Geels C., Houweling S., Imasu R., Karstens U., Kawa S. R., Kleist J., Krol M. C., Lin S.-J., Lokupitiya R., Maki T., Maksyutov S., Niwa Y., Onishi R., Parazoo N., Patra P. K., Pieterse G., Rivier L., Satoh M., Serrar S., Taguchi S., Takigawa M., Vautard R., Vermeulen A. T., and Zhu Z.: Transcom Model simulation of hourly atmospheric CO2: experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3009, doi:10.1029/2007GB003050, 2008. Maksyutov, S., and Inoue, G.: Vertical profiles of radon and CO2 simulated by the global atmospheric transport model, in: CGER supercomputer activity report, CGER-I039-2000 CGER NIES, Tsukuba, Japan, 39–41, 2000. Maksyutov, S., Machida, T., Mukai, H., Patra, P. K., Nakazawa, T., Inoue, G. and Transcom-3 Modelers: Effect of recent observations on Asian CO₂ flux estimates by transport model inversions, Tellus, 55B, 522–529, 2003. Randerson, J. T., Thompson, M. V., Conway, T. J., Fung, I. Y., and Field, C. B.: The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 535–560, 1997. Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., Fessenden, J. E., Munoz, A. D., Still, C. J., Berry, J. A., Fung, I. Y., Suits, N., and Denning, A. S.: A possible global covariance between terrestrial gross primary production and C-13 discrimination: Consequences for the atmospheric C-13 budget and its response to ENSO, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1136, doi:10.1029/2001GB001845, 2002. Rayner, P. J., Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Kaminski, T., Giering, R., and Widmann, H.: Two decades of terrestrial carbon fluxes from a carbon cycle data assimilation system (CCDAS), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2026, doi:10.1029/2004GB002254, 2005. Rodenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M., and Heimann, M.: CO₂ flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1919–1964, 2003. Schubert, S., Park, C.-K., Wu, C.-Y., Higgins, W., Kondratyeva, Y., Molod, A., Takacs, L., Seablom, M., and Rood, R.: A multiyear assimilation with the GEOS-1 system: Overview and results, in: NASA Technical Memorandum 104606, Goddard Space Flight Center, 182, 1995. Stephens, B. B., Gurney, K. R., Tans, P. P., Sweeney, C., Peters, W., Bruhwiler, L., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., Bousquet, P., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Machida, T., Inoue, G., Vinnichenko, N., Lloyd, J., Jordan, A., Heimann, M., Shibistova, O., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Francey, R. J., and Denning, A. S.: Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2, Science, 316, 1732–1735, 2007. Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N., Tilbrook, B., Bates, N., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C., Olafsson, J., and Nojiri, Y.: Global sea-air CO₂ flux based on climatological surface ocean $p$CO₂, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, Deep-Sea Res., Pt. II, 49, 1601–1622, 2002. Tucker, C. J., Fung, I. Y., Keeling, C. D., and Gammon, R. H.: Relationship between atmospheric CO₂ variations and a satellite-derived vegetation index, Nature, 319, 195–199, doi:10.1038/319195a0, 1986. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Giglio, L.: Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, Global Change Biol., 9, 547–562, 2003. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano, A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006. Yang, Z., Washenfelder, R. A., Keppel-Aleks, G., Krakauer, N. Y., Randerson, J. T., Tans, P. P., Sweeney, C., and Wennberg, P. O.: New constraints on northern hemisphere growing season net flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12807, doi:10.1029/2007GL029742, 2007.