Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 6 8 2009 10.5194/bg-6-1707-2009 http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1707/2009/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1707/2009/bg-6-1707-2009.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1707/2009/bg-6-1707-2009.pdf 1707 1745 2009-08-21 Historical records of coastal eutrophication-induced hypoxia A. J. Gooday ang@noc.soton.ac.uk F. Jorissen L. A. Levin J. J. Middelburg S. W. A. Naqvi N. N. Rabalais M. Scranton J. Zhang National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK Laboratory of Recent and Fossil Bio-Indicators (UPRES EA 2644 BIAF), 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers Cedex, France, and LEBIM, Ile d'Yeu, France Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA NIOO-KNAW, Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana 70344, USA The School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (SoMAS), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Putuo District, Shanghai 200062, China Under certain conditions, sediment cores from coastal settings subject to hypoxia can yield records of environmental changes over time scales ranging from decades to millennia, sometimes with a resolution of as little as a few years. A variety of biological and geochemical indicators (proxies) derived from such cores have been used to reconstruct the development of eutrophication and hypoxic conditions over time. Those based on (1) the preserved remains of benthic organisms (mainly foraminiferans and ostracods), (2) sedimentary features (e.g. laminations) and (3) sediment chemistry and mineralogy (e.g. presence of sulphides and redox-sensitive trace elements) reflect conditions at or close to the seafloor. Those based on (4) the preserved remains of planktonic organisms (mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates), (5) pigments and lipid biomarkers derived from prokaryotes and eukaryotes and (6) organic C, N and their stable isotope ratios reflect conditions in the water column. However, the interpretation of these indicators is not straightforward. A central difficulty concerns the fact that hypoxia is strongly correlated with, and often induced by, organic enrichment caused by eutrophication, making it difficult to separate the effects of these phenomena in sediment records. 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