<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.biogeosciences.net/inc/bg/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Biogeosciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.biogeosciences.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1726-4170</issn>
		<eissn>1726-4189</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>6</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/bg-6-1115-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1115/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1115/2009/bg-6-1115-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1115/2009/bg-6-1115-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1115</start_page>
	<end_page>1126</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-06-25</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Contrasting carbon dioxide fluxes between a drying shrub wetland in Northern Wisconsin, USA, and nearby forests</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>B. N. Sulman</name>
			<email>bnsulman@wisc.edu</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. R. Desai</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>B. D. Cook</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="3">
			<name>N. Saliendra</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="4">
			<name>D. S. Mackay</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Dept. of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Rhinelander, WI, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Dept. of Geography, State University of New York – Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Wetland biogeochemistry is strongly influenced by water and temperature
dynamics, and these interactions are currently poorly represented in
ecosystem and climate models.  A decline in water table of approximately
30 cm was observed at a wetland in Northern Wisconsin, USA over a period
from 2001–2007, which was highly correlated with an increase in daily soil
temperature variability.  Eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide
exchange were compared with measured CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes at two nearby forests
in order to distinguish wetland effects from regional trends.  As wetland
water table declined, both ecosystem respiration and ecosystem production
increased by over 20% at the wetland, while forest CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes had no
significant trends.  Net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide at the wetland
was not correlated with water table, but wetland evapotranspiration decreased
substantially as the water table declined.  These results suggest that changes
in hydrology may not have a large impact on shrub wetland carbon balance over
inter-annual time scales due to opposing responses in both ecosystem respiration and productivity.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. A., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements, in: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome, Italy, p. 293, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Alm, J., Schulman, L., Walden, J., Nykänen, H., Martikainen, P. J., and Silvola, J.: Carbon balance of a boreal bog during a year with an exceptionally dry summer, Ecology, 80, 161–174, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Arneth, A., Kurbatova, J., Kolle, O., Shibistova, O. B., Lloyd, J., Vygodskaya, N. N., and Schulze, E.-D.: Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog II. Interseasonal and interannual variability of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes, Tellus, 54B, 514–530, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Baldocchi, D. D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X., Mahli, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 82, 2415–2434, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Baldocchi, D. D.: Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present, and future, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 479–492, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Ball, T., Smith, K., and Moncrieff, J.: Effect of stand age on greenhouse gas fluxes from a Sitka spruce [\emphPicea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] chronosequence on a peaty gley soil, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2128–2142, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Béhaegel, M., Sailhac, P., Marquis, G.: On the use of surface and ground temperature data to recover soil water content information, J. Appl. Geophys., 62, 234–243, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Berger, B. W., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Bakwin, P. S., and Zhao, C. L.: Long-Term Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from a Very Tall Tower in a Northern Forest: Flux Measurement Methodology, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 529–542, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Bubier, J. L., Bhatia, G., Moore, T. R., Roulet, N. T., and Lafleur, P. M.: Spatial and Temporal Variability in Growing-Season Net Ecosystem Carbon Dioxide Exchange at a Large Peatland in Ontario, Canada, Ecosystems, 6, 353–367, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Clymo, R. S.: The limits to peat bog growth, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 303, 605–654, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A. R., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., and Heilman, W.: Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 126, 271–295, 2004. %</reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> %Cook, B. D., Bolstad, P. V., Heinsch, F. A., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., %Teclaw, R. M., and Baumann, D. D.: Cloudiness and water table measurements %improve MODIS GPP predictions in a shrub wetland, J. Geophys. Res.-B %(in preparation), 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Corradi, C., Kolle, O., Walter, K., Zimov, S. A., and Schulze, E.-D.: Carbon dioxide and methane exchange of a north-east Siberian tussock tundra, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1910–1925, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Desai, A. R., Bolstad, P. V., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., and Carey, E. V.: Comparing net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide between an old-growth and mature forest in the upper midwest, USA, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 128, 33–55, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Desai, A. R., Noormets, A. N., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C. M., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., and Wang, W.: Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling, Agr. For. Meteorol., 148, 288–308, 2008a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Desai, A. R., Richardson, A. D., Moffat, A. M., Kattge, J., Hollinger, D. Y., Barr, A., Falge, E., Noormets, A., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., and Stauch, V. J.: Cross-site evaluation of eddy covariance GPP and RE decomposition techniques, Agr. For. Meteorol., 148, 821–838, 2008b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Dise, N., Gorham, E., and Verry, E.: Environmental factors controlling methane emissions from peatlands in northern Minnesota, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10583–10594, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross, P., Grünwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Keronen, P., Kowalski, A., Lai, C. T., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, H., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, U., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen, J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agr. For. Meteorol., 107, 43–69, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Tenhunen, J., Aubinet, M., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Clement, R., Davis, K. J., Elbers, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Grelle, A., Granier, A., Guomundsson, J., Hollinger, D., Kowalski, A. S., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Oechel, W., Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, U., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Valentini, R., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 53–74, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Foley, J. A., Costa, M. H., Delire, C., Ramankutty, N., and Snyder, P.: Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earths climate, Front. Ecol. Environ., 1(1), 38–44, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Freeman, C., Lock, M. A., and Reynolds, B.: Fluxes of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O from a Welsh peatland following simulation of water table draw-down: Potential feedback to climate change, Biogeochemistry, 19, 51–60, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Frelich, L. E.: Old forest in the lake states today, and before European settlement. Nat. Area. J., 15, 157–167, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C., Joos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H. D., Raddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K.-G., Schnur, R., Strassman, K., Weaver, A. J., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337–3353, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Gedney, N., Cox, P., and Huntingford, C.: Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20503, doi:10.1029/2004GL020919, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Glenn, A. J., Flanagan, L. B., Syed, K. H., and Carlson, P. J.: Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in two peatlands in western Canada with contrasting dominant vegetation, \emphSphagnum and \emphCarex, Agr. For. Meteorol., 140, 115–135, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Gorham, E.: Northern peatlands: Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182–195, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Hinkel, K. M., Paetzold, F., Nelson, F. E., and Bockheim, J. G.: Patterns of soil temperature and moisture in the active layer and upper permafrost at Barrow, Alaska: 1993–1999, Global Planet. Change, 29, 293–309, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Humphreys, E. R., Lafleur, P. M., Flanagan, L. B., Hedstrom, N., Syed, K. H., Glenn, A. J., and Granger, R.: Summer carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes across a range of northern peatlands, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G04011, doi:10.1029/2005JG000111, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Ise, T., Dunn, A. L., Wofsy, S. C., and Moorcroft, P. R.: High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback, Nature Geoscience, 1, 763–766, doi:10.1038/ngeo331, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Jackson, R. B., Jobbágy, E. G, Avissar, R., Roy, S. B., Barrett, D. J., Cook, C. W., Farley, K. A., le Maitre, D. C., McCarl, B. A., and Murray, B. C.: Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration, Science, 310, 1944–1947, doi:10.1126/science.1119282, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Joiner, D. W., Lafleur, P. M., McCaughey, H., and Bartlett, P. A.: Interannual variability in carbon dioxide exchanges at a boreal wetland in the BOREAS northern study area, J. Geophys. Res., 104, D22, 27663–27672, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Jungkunst, H. F. and Fiedler, S.: Latitudinal differentiated water table control of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from hydromorphic soils: feedbacks to climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2668–2683, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Kettunen, A., Kaitala, V., Alm, J., Silvola, J., Nykänen, H., and Martikainen, P. J.: Cross-correlation analysis of the dynamics of methane emissions from a boreal peatland, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 457–471, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Lafleur, P. M., Moore, T. R., Roulet, N. T., and Frolking, S.: Ecosystem respiration in a cool temperature bog depends on peat temperature but not on water table, Ecosystems, 8, 619–629, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Luyssaert, S., Schulze, E.-D., Börner, A., Knohl, A., Hessenmöller, D., Law, V. E., Ciais, P., Grace, J.: Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks, Nature, 455, 213–215, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A. T., Gregory, J. M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J. M., Noda, A., Raper, S. C. B., Watterson, I. G., Weaver, A. J., Zhao, Z.-C., Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L. (Eds.): Global Climate Projections, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 768–769, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Minkkinen, K. and Laine, J.: Effect of forest drainage on the peat bulk density of pine mires in Finland, Can. J. For. Res., 28, 178–186, 1998a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Minkkinen, K. and Laine, J.: Long-term effect of forest drainage on the peat carbon stores of pine mires in Finland, Can. J. For. Res., 28, 1267–1275, 1998b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Moore, T. R. and Knowles, R.: The influence of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide emission from peatland soils, Can. J. Soil Sci., 69, 33–38, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Natural Resources Conservation Service: Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database for Iron County, Wisconsin, USA, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Nieveen, J. P., Campbell, D. I., Schipper, L. A., and Blair, I. J.: Carbon exchange of grazed pasture on a drained peat soil, Global Change Biol., 11, 607–618, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00929.x, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Oechel, W. C., Vourlitis, G. L., Hastings, S. J., Zulueta, R. C., Hinzman, L., and Kane, D.: Acclimation of ecosystem CO2 exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming, Nature, 406, 978–981, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Schreader, C. P., Rouse, W. R., Griffis, T. J., Boudreau, L. D., and Blanken, P. D.: Carbon dioxide fluxes in a northern fen during a hot, dry summer, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12(4), 729–740, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Shurpali, N. J., Verma, S. B., Kim, J., and Arkebauer, T. J.: Carbon dioxide exchange in a peatland ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 14319–14326, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Silvola, J., Alm, J., Ahlholm, U., Nykänen, H., and Martikainen, P. J.: CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes from peat in boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture conditions, J. Ecol., 84, 219–228, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Sommerkorn, M.: Micro-topographic patterns unravel controls of soil water and temperature on soil respiration in three Siberian tundra systems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 1792–1802, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Stow, C. A., Lamon, E. C., Kratz, T. K., and Sellinger, C. E.: Lake level coherence supports common driver, EOS, 89, 389–390, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Strack, M., Waddington, J. M., Rochefort, L., and Tuittila, E.-S.: Response of vegetation and net ecosystem exchange at different peatland microforms following water table drawdown, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G02006, doi:10.1029/2005JG000145, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Strack, M. and Waddington, J. M.: Response of peatland carbon dioxide and methane fluxes to a water table drawdown experiment, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1007, doi:10.1029/2006GB002715, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Sullivan P. F., Arens, S. J. T., Chimner, R. A., and Welker, J. M.: Temperature and microtopography interact to control carbon cycling in a high arctic fen, Ecosystems, 11, 61–76, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Syed, K., Flanagan, L., Carlson, P., Glenn, A., and Van Gaalen, K. E.: Environmental control of net ecosystem CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange in a treed, moderately rich fen in northern Alberta, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 97–114, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Turetsky, M., Treat, C., Waldrop, M., Waddington, J., Harden, J., and McGuire, A.: Short-term response of methane fluxes and methanogen activity to water table and soil warming manipulations in an Alaskan peatland, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G00A10, doi:10.1029/2007JG000496, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Turunen, J., Tomppo, E., Tolonen, K., and Reinikainen, A.: Estimating carbon accumulation rates of undrained mires in Finland-application to boreal and subarctic regions, Holocene, 12, 69-80, doi:10.1191/0959683602hl522rp, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Updegraff, K., Bridgham, S. D., Pastor, J., Weishampel, P., and Harth, C.: Response of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from peatlands to warming and water table manipulation, Ecol. Appl., 11(2), 311–326, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Vourlitis, G. L. and Oechel, W. C.: Eddy covariance measurements of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and energy fluxes of an Alaskan tussock tundra ecosystem, Ecology, 80, 686–701, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Vourlitis, G. L,. Harazono, Y., Oechel, W. C., Yoshimoto, M., Mano, M.: Spatial and temporal variations in hectare-scale net CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux, respiration and gross primary production of Arctic tundra ecosystems, Funct. Ecol., 14, 203–214, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Waddington, J. M., Griffis, T. J., and Rouse, W. R.: Northern Canadian Wetlands: Net Ecosystem CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Exchange and Climatic Change, Clim. Change, 40, 267–275, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, WISCLAND Land Cover, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Wetherald, R. T. and Manabe, S.: Simulation of hydrological changes associated with global warming, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4379, doi:10.1029/2001JD001195, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Wösten, J. H. M., Ismail, A. B., and van Wijk, A. L. M.: Peat subsidence and its practical implications: a case study in Malaysia, Geoderma, 78, 25–26, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Yurova, A., Wolf, A., Sagerfors, J., and Nilsson, M.: Variations in net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a boreal mire: Modeling mechanisms linked to water table position, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G02025, doi:10.1029/2006JG000342, 2007. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

