Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 5 2 2008 10.5194/bg-5-433-2008 http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/433/2008/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/433/2008/bg-5-433-2008.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/433/2008/bg-5-433-2008.pdf 433 450 2008-03-26 Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – Part 1: Coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems M. Göckede mathias.goeckede@oregonstate.edu T. Foken M. Aubinet M. Aurela J. Banza C. Bernhofer J. M. Bonnefond Y. Brunet A. Carrara R. Clement E. Dellwik J. Elbers W. Eugster J. Fuhrer A. Granier T. Grünwald B. Heinesch I. A. Janssens A. Knohl R. Koeble T. Laurila B. Longdoz G. Manca M. Marek T. Markkanen J. Mateus G. Matteucci M. Mauder M. Migliavacca S. Minerbi J. Moncrieff L. Montagnani E. Moors J.-M. Ourcival D. Papale J. Pereira K. Pilegaard G. Pita S. Rambal C. Rebmann A. Rodrigues E. Rotenberg M. J. Sanz P. Sedlak G. Seufert L. Siebicke J. F. Soussana R. Valentini T. Vesala H. Verbeeck D. Yakir University of Bayreuth, Dept. of Micrometeorology, Bayreuth, Germany University of Agricultural Sciences, Unit of Biosystems Physic, Gembloux, Belgium Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland University of Evora, Evora, Portugal Technische Universität Dresden, Inst. of Hydrology and Meteorology, Dept. of Meteorology, Tharandt, Germany INRA, EPHYSE, Bordeaux, France Foundation CEAM, Valencia, Spain University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Edinburgh, UK Technical University of Denmark, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland Agroscope Research Station ART, Air Pollution/Climate Group, Zurich, Switzerland INRA, Centre INRA Nancy, UMR1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, France University of Antwerpen, Dept. of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Wilrijk, Belgium Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland JRC, Inst. for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology AS CR, České Budějovice, Czech Republic University of Helsinki, Dept. of Physical Sciences, Helsinki, Finland Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal CNR-ISAFOM, Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems, Rende, Italy Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab., DISAT-UNIMIB, Milan, Italy Forest Department, Agency for the Environment, Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol, Italy INRA, DREAM CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier, France University of Tuscia, Dept. of Forest Environment and Resources, Viterbo, Italy Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, Portugal Estação Florestal Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal Weizman Institute of Science, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Rehovol, Israel Institute of Atmospheric Physics AS CR, Praha, Czech Republic INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, France now at: Oregon State University, Dept. of Forest Science, Corvallis, USA now at: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Ottawa, Canada now at: Laboratory of Climate Sciences and the Environment (LSCE), Joint Unit of CEA-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France We applied a site evaluation approach combining Lagrangian Stochastic footprint modeling with a quality assessment approach for eddy-covariance data to 25 forested sites of the CarboEurope-IP network. The analysis addresses the spatial representativeness of the flux measurements, instrumental effects on data quality, spatial patterns in the data quality, and the performance of the coordinate rotation method. Our findings demonstrate that application of a footprint filter could strengthen the CarboEurope-IP flux database, since only one third of the sites is situated in truly homogeneous terrain. Almost half of the sites experience a significant reduction in eddy-covariance data quality under certain conditions, though these effects are mostly constricted to a small portion of the dataset. Reductions in data quality of the sensible heat flux are mostly induced by characteristics of the surrounding terrain, while the latent heat flux is subject to instrumentation-related problems. The Planar-Fit coordinate rotation proved to be a reliable tool for the majority of the sites using only a single set of rotation angles. Overall, we found a high average data quality for the CarboEurope-IP network, with good representativeness of the measurement data for the specified target land cover types. Amiro, B. D.: Footprint climatologies for evapotranspiration in a boreal catchment, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 90, 195–201, 1998. Arya, S. P.: Introduction to Micrometeorology. Academic Press, San Diego, 415 pp, 2001. Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, Ü., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology, Adv. Ecol. Res., 30, 113–175, 2000. Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L. H., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X.H., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415–2434, 2001. Baldocchi, D. D., Finnigan, J. J., Wilson, K., Paw U, K. T., and Falge, E.: On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 96, 257–291, 2000. Baldocchi, D. D., Krebs, T., and Leclerc, M. Y.: "Wet/dry Daisyworld": a conceptual tool for quantifying the spatial scaling of heterogeneous landscapes and its impact on the subgrid variability of energy fluxes, Tellus B, 57, 175–188, 2005. Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogee, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., De Noblet, N., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and Valentini, R.: Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529–533, 2005. Dellwik, E. and Jensen, N. O.: Internal equilibrium layer growth over forest, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 66, 173–184, 2000. Dellwik, E. and Jensen, N. O.: Flux-profile relationships over a fetch limited beech forest, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 115, 179–204, 2005. Finnigan, J. J., Clement, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R., and Cleugh, H. A.: A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques – Part I: Averaging and coordinate rotation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 107, 1–48, 2003. Foken, T., Skeib, G., and Richter, S. H.: Dependence of the integral turbulence characteristics on the stability of stratification and their use for Doppler-Sodar measurements, Z. Meteorol., 41, 311–315, 1991. Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83–105, 1996. Foken, T., Göckede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B. D., and Munger, J. W.: Post-field data quality control, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology: A guide for Surface Flux Measurements, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B. E., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 181–208, 2004. Foken, T. and Leclerc, M. Y.: Methods and limitations in validation of footprint models, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 127, 223–234, 2004. Foken, T.: Angewandte Meteorologie, Mikrometeorologische Methoden, (2. überarb. u. erw. Aufl.), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 326 pp, 2006. Gerbig, C., Lin, J. C., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Andrews, A. E., Stephens, B. B., Bakwin, P. S., and Grainger, C. A.: Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO₂ with atmospheric observations over a continent: 2. Analysis of COBRA data using a receptor-oriented framework, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4757, doi:10.1029/2003JD003770, 2003. Göckede, M., Rebmann, C., and Foken, T.: A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modelling for the characterisation of complex sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 127, 175–188, 2004. Göckede, M., Markkanen, T., Hasager, C. B., and Foken, T.: Update of a footprint-based approach for the characterisation of complex measurement sites, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 118, 635–655, 2006. Göckede, M., Thomas, C., Markkanen, T., Mauder, M., Ruppert, J., and Foken, T.: Sensitivity of Lagrangian Stochastic footprints to turbulence statistics, Tellus B, 59, 577–586, 2007. Gu, L., Falge, E. M., Boden, T., Baldocchi, D. D., Black, T. A., Saleska, S. R., Suni, T., Verma, S. B., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S. C., and Xu, L.: Objective threshold determination for nighttime eddy flux filtering, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 128, 179–197, 2005. Hasager, C. B. and Jensen, N. O.: Surface-flux aggregation in heterogeneous terrain, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 2075–2102, 1999. Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., Reichstein, M., and Sulzman, J.: An analysis of soil respiration across northern hemisphere temperate ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73, 29–70, 2005. Horst, T. W. and Weil, J. C.: How far is far enough – the fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 11, 1018–1025, 1994. Ibrom, A., Dellwik, E., Flyvbjerg, H., Jensen, N. O., and Pilegaard, K.: Strong low-pass filtering effects on water vapour flux measurements with closed-path eddy correlation systems, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 147, 140–156, 2007. Jegede, O. O. and Foken, T.: A study of the internal boundary layer due to a roughness change in neutral conditions observed during the LINEX field campaigns, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 62, 31–41, 1999. Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement, Oxford University Press, New York, 289 pp, 1994. Kim, J., Guo, Q., Baldocchi, D. D., Leclerc, M., Xu, L., and Schmid, H. P.: Upscaling fluxes from tower to landscape: Overlaying flux footprints on high-resolution (IKONOS) images of vegetation cover, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 136, 132–146, 2006. Klaassen, W., van Breugel, P. B., Moors, E. J., and Nieveen, J. P.: Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 72, 231–243, 2002. Kljun, N., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A Three-Dimensional Backward Lagrangian Footprint Model For A Wide Range Of Boundary-Layer Stratifications, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 103, 205–226, 2002. Law, B. E., Falge, E., Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Davis, K., Dolman, A. J., Falk, M., Fuentes, J. D., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Hollinger, D., Janssens, I. A., Jarvis, P., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Malhi, Y., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Monson, R., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Olson, R., Pilegaard, K., Paw U, K. T., Thorgeirsson, H., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 97–120, 2002. Law, B. E.: Carbon dynamics in response to climate and disturbance: recent progress from multiscale measurements and modeling in AmeriFlux, in: Plant Responses to Air Pollution and Global Change, edited by: Omasa, K., Nouchi, I., and De Kok, L. J., Springer, Tokyo, pp. 205–213, 2005. Leclerc, M. Y., Shen, S., and Lamb, B.: Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9323–9334, 1997. Leclerc, M. Y., Karipot, A., Prabha, T., Allwine, G., Lamb, B., and Gholz, H. L.: Impact of non-local advection on flux footprints over a tall forest canopy: a tracer flux experiment, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 115, 19–30, 2003. Lee, X., Yu, Q., Sun, X., Liu, J., Min, Q., Liu, Y., and Zhang, X.: Micrometeorological fluxes under the influence of regional and local advection: a revisit, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 122, 111–124, 2004. Liu, H. P., Peters, G., and Foken, T.: New equations for sonic temperature variance and buoyancy heat flux with an omnidirectional sonic anemometer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 100, 459–468, 2001. Markkanen, T., Rannik, Ü., Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A., and Vesala, T.: Footprints and fetches for fluxes over forest canopies with varying structure and density, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 106, 437–459, 2003. Massman, W. J. and Lee, X.: Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 121–144, 2002. Mauder, M., Liebethal, C., Göckede, M., Leps, J. P., Beyrich, F., and Foken, T.: Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 121, 67–88, 2006. Mauder, M., Oncley, S. P., Vogt, R., Weidinger, T., Ribeiro, L., Bernhofer, C., Foken, T., Kohsiek, W., De Bruin, H. A. R., and Liu, H.: The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 123, 29–54, 2007. Mauder, M., Foken, T., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Heusinkveld, B., and Kolle, O.: Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – Part~2: Inter-comparison of eddy-covariance software, Biogeosciences, 5, 451–462, 2008. Moore, C. J.: Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 37, 17–35, 1986. Nagy, M. T., Janssens, I. A., Curiel Yuste, J., Carrara, A., and Ceulemans, R.: Footprint-adjusted net ecosystem CO₂ exchange and carbon balance components of a temperate forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 344–360, 2006. Obukhov, A. M.: O strukture temperaturnogo polja i polja skorostej v uslovijach konvekcii, Izv. AN SSSR, ser. Geofiz., 1392–1396, 1960. Panin, G. N., Tetzlaff, G., and Raabe, A.: Inhomogeneity of the land surface and problems in the parameterization of surface fluxes in natural conditions, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 60, 163–178, 1998. Panin, G. N. and Tetzlaff, G.: A measure of inhomogeneity of the land surface and parametrization of turbulent fluxes under natural conditions, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 62, 3–8, 1999. Panofsky, H. A., Tennekes, H., Lenschow, D. H., and Wyngaard, J. C.: The characteristics of turbulent velocity components in the surface layer under convective conditions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 11, 355–361, 1977. Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, 2006. Rannik, Ü., Aubinet, M., Kurbanmuradov, O., Sabelfeld, K. K., Markkanen, T., and Vesala, T.: Footprint analysis for measurements over a heterogeneous forest, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 97, 137–166, 2000. Rannik, Ü., Markkanen, T., Raittila, J., Hari, P., and Vesala, T.: Turbulence statistics inside and over forest: Influence on footprint prediction, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 109, 163–189, 2003. Rebmann, C., Göckede, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Cescatti, A., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Elbers, J. A., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Guyon, D., Havrankova, K., Heinesch, B., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Longdoz, B., Marcolla, B., Markkanen, T., Miglietta, F., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Nardino, M., Ourcival, J.-M., Rambal, S., Rannik, Ü., Rotenberg, E., Sedlak, P., Unterhuber, G., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 80, 121–141, 2005. Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Papale, D., Valentini, R., Running, S., Viovy, N., Cramer, W., Granier, A., Ogee, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Grünwald, T., Heimann, M., Heinesch, B., Knohl, A., Kutsch, W., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Pilegaard, K., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Schaphoff, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Vesala, T., and Zhao, M.: Reduction of ecosystem productivity and respiration during the European summer 2003 climate anomaly: a joint flux tower, remote sensing and modelling analysis, Global Change Biol., 13, 634–651, 2007a. Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Valentini, R., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lindroth, A., Moors, E., Pilegaard, K., and Seufert, G.: Determinants of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covariance flux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880, 2007b. Schmid, H. P. and Oke, T. R.: Estimating the source area of a turbulent flux measurement over a patchy surface, in: Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion, Boston, MA, American Meteorological Society, pp. 123–126, 1988. Schmid, H. P.: Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 67, 293–318, 1994. Schmid, H. P.: Experimental design for flux measurements: matching scales of observations and fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 87, 179–200, 1997. Schmid, H. P. and Lloyd, C. R.: Spatial representativeness and the location bias of flux footprints over inhomogeneous areas, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 93, 195–209, 1999. Schmid, H. P.: Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 159–183, 2002. Schuepp, P. H., Leclerc, M. Y., MacPherson, J. I., and Desjardins, R. L.: Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 50, 355–373, 1990. Siebicke, L.: Energie- und Kohlendioxidaustauschmessungen in einer Korkeichensavanne, Diploma Thesis, Department of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 130 pp, 2007. Thomas, C. and Foken, T.: Re-evaluation of Integral Turbulence Characteristics and their Parameterisations, in: Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Wageningen, The Netherlands, American Meteorological Society, pp. 129–132, 2002. Thomson, D. J.: Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows, J. Fluid Mech., 180, 529–556, 1987. Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A. J., Schulze, E.-D., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Granier, A., Gross, P., Jensen, N. O., Pilegaard, K., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Aubinet, M., Ceulemans, R., Kowalski, A. S., Vesala, T., Rannik, Ü., Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., Guomundsson, J., Thorgeirsson, H., Ibrom, A., Morgenstern, K., Clement, R., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S., and Jarvis, P. G.: Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests, Nature, 404, 861–865, 2000. Wang, Y. P., Baldocchi, D., Leuning, R., Falge, E., and Vesala, T.: Estimating parameters in a land-surface model by applying nonlinear inversion to eddy covariance flux measurements from eight FLUXNET sites, Global Change Biol., 13, 652–670, 2007. Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980. Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P., and Stage, S. A.: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127–150, 2001. Wilson, J. D., Legg, B. J., and Thomson, D. J.: Calculation of particle trajectories in the presence of a gradient in turbulent-velocity variance, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 27, 163–169, 1983. Wilson, J. D. and Sawford, B. L.: Review of Lagrangian stochastic models for trajectories in the turbulent atmosphere, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 78, 191–210, 1996. Wilson, K. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., and Wofsy, S.: Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1294, doi:10.1029/2001WR000989, 2002. Wyngaard, J. C., Coté, O. R., and Izumi, Y.: Local free convection, similarity and the budgets of shear stress and heat flux, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1171–1182, 1971. Yuan, W., Liu, S., Zhou, G., Zhou, G., Tieszen, L. L., Baldocchi, D., Bernhofer, C., Gholz, H., Goldstein, A. H., Goulden, M. L., Hollinger, D. Y., Hu, Y., Law, B. E., Stoy, P. C., Vesala, T., and Wofsy, S. C.: Deriving a light use efficiency model from eddy covariance flux data for predicting daily gross primary production across biomes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 143, 189–207, 2007.