<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.biogeosciences.net/inc/bg/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Biogeosciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.biogeosciences.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1726-4170</issn>
		<eissn>1726-4189</eissn>
		<volume_number>5</volume_number>
		<issue_number>6</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/bg-5-1669-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/1669/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/1669/2008/bg-5-1669-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/1669/2008/bg-5-1669-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1669</start_page>
	<end_page>1679</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-12-11</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Temporal variability of the anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage in the Irminger Sea</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>F. F. Pérez</name>
			<email>fiz.perez@iim.csic.es</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Vázquez-Rodríguez</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2,3">
			<name>E. Louarn</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>X. A. Padín</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="4">
			<name>H. Mercier</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. F. Ríos</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Laboratoire de Chimie Marine, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS UPMC, B.P. 74, 29682 Roscoff, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, CNRS Ifremer IRD UBO, IFREMER Centre de Brest, B.P. 70, 29280 Plouzané, France</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (C&lt;sub&gt;ant&lt;/sub&gt;) estimates from cruises spanning more
than two decades (1981–2006) in the Irminger Sea area of the North Atlantic
Subpolar Gyre reveal a large variability in the C&lt;sub&gt;ant&lt;/sub&gt; storage rates.
During the early 1990&apos;s, the C&lt;sub&gt;ant&lt;/sub&gt; storage rates (2.3&amp;plusmn;0.6 mol C m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
doubled the average rate for 1981–2006
(1.1&amp;plusmn;0.1 mol C m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;), whilst a remarkable
drop to almost half that average followed from 1997 onwards. The C&lt;sub&gt;ant&lt;/sub&gt;
storage evolution runs parallel to chlorofluorocarbon-12 inventories and is
in good agreement with C&lt;sub&gt;ant&lt;/sub&gt; uptake rates of increase calculated from
sea surface &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements. The contribution of the Labrador Seawater
to the total inventory of C&lt;sub&gt;ant&lt;/sub&gt; in the Irminger basin dropped from
66% in the early 1990s to 49% in the early 2000s. The North Atlantic
Oscillation shift from a positive to a negative phase in 1996 led to a
reduction of air-sea heat loss in the Labrador Sea. The consequent
convection weakening accompanied by an increase in stratification has
lowered the efficiency of the northern North Atlantic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sink.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> &amp;#x00C1;lvarez, M., Ríos, A. F., Pérez, F. F., Bryden, H. L., and Rosón, G.: Transports and budgets of total inorganic carbon in the subsolar and temperate North Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(1), 1002, doi:10.1029/2002GB001881, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Azetsu-Scott, K., Jones, E. P., Yashayaev, I., and Gershey, R. M.: Time series study of CFC concentrations in the Labrador Sea during deep and shallow convection regimes (1991–2000), J. Geophys. Res., 108(C11), 3354, doi:10.1029/2002JC001317, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Böning C. W., Scheinert, M., Dengg, J., Biastoch, A., and Funk, A.: Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21S01, doi:10.1029/2006GL026906, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Broecker, W. S., Takahashi, T., Simpson, H. J., and Peng, T. H.: Fate of fosil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget, Science, 206, 409–418, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25_N, Nature, 438, 655–657, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Canadell, J., Le Quéré, C., Raupach, M. R., Fields, C., Buitenhuis, E. T., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Gillett, N. P., Houghton, R. A., and Marland, G.: Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104(47), 18866–18870, doi:10.1073/pnas.0702737104, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Corbière, A., Metzl, N., Reverdin, G., Brunet, C., and Takahashi, T.: Interannual and decadal variability of the oceanic carbon sink in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, Tellus, 59, 167–167, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00232, 1–11, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Cubasch, U., Meehl, G. A., Boer, G. J., Stouffer, R. J., Dix, M., Noda, A., Senior, C. A., Raper, S., Yap, K. S., Abe-Ouchi, A., et al.: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 525–582, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Curry, R., McCartney, M. S., and Joyce, T. M.: Oceanic transport of subpolar climate signals to mid-depth tropical waters, Nature, 391, 575–577, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Dickson, R. R., Lazier, J. R. N., Meincke, J., Rhines, P. B., and Swift, J. H.: Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 38, 241–295, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Doney, S. C. and Jenkins, W. J.: The effect of boundary conditions on tracer estimates of thermocline ventilation rates, J. Mar. Res., 46, 947–965, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Drijfhout, S. S. and Hazeleger, W.: Changes in MOC and gyre-induced Atlantic Ocean heat transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07707, doi:10.1029/2006GL025807, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Duce, R. A., LaRoche, J., Altieri, K., Arrigo, K. R., et al.: Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen in the open ocean, Science, 320, 893–897, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Falina, A., Sokov, A., and Sarafanov, A.: Variability and renewal of Labrador Sea Water in the Irminger Basin in 1991–2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C01006, doi:10.1029/2005JC003348, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., and Stocker, T. F.: An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 809–837, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Gruber, N.: Anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 165–191, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Häkkinen, S. and Rhines, P. B.: Decline of the subpolar North Atlantic circulation during the 1990s, Science, 204, 555–559, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Hát\&apos;un, H., Sandø, A. B., Drange, H., Hansen, B., and Valdimarsson, H.: Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the thermohaline circulation, Science, 309, 1841–1844, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Heinze, C.: Simulating oceanic CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; export production in the greenhouse, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16308, doi:10.1029/2004GL020613, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Joos, F., Plattner, G.-K., Stocker, T. F., Marchal, O., and Schmittner, A.: Global warming and marine carbon cycle feedbacks on future atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Science, 284, 464–467, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> IPCC (2007): Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 940 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Keeling, C. D. and Bolin, B.: The simultaneous use of chemical tracers in oceanic studies, Tellus, 19, 566–581, 1967. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Kieke, D., Rhein, M., Stramma, L., Smethie, W. M., LeBel, D. A., and Zenk, W.: Changes in the CFC inventories and formation rates of Upper Labrador Sea Water, 1997–2001, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 64–86, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Kieke, D., Rhein, M., Stramma, L., Smethie, W. M., Bullister, J. L., and LeBel, D. A.: Changes in the pool of Labrador Sea Water in the subpolar North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06605, doi:10.1029/2006GL028959, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Latif, M., Böning, C. W., Willebrand, J., Biastoch, A., Dengg, J., Keenlyside, N., and Schweckendiek, U.: Is the thermohaline circulation changing?, J. Climate, 19, 4631–4637, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Lazier, J., Hendry, R., Clarke, R. A., Yashayaev, I., and Rhines, P.: Convection and restratification in the Labrador Sea, 1990–2000, Deep-Sea Res., 49, 1819–1835, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Lee, K., Choi, S.-D., Park, G.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Peng, T.-H., Key, R. M., Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Bullister, J. L., Millero, F. J., and Kozyr, A.: An updated anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; inventory in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(4), 1116, doi:10.1029/2003GB002067, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Lefèvre, N., Watson, A. J., Olsen, A., Ríos, A. F., Pérez, F. F., and Johannessen, T.: A decrease in the sink for atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07306, 1–4, doi:10.1029/2003GL018957, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Gourcuff, C., Alvarez, M., Bacon, S., and Kermabon, C.: Transports across the 2002 Greenland-Portugal Ovide section and comparison with 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C07003, doi:10.1029/2006JC003716, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Matear, R. J., Wong, C. S., and Xie, L.: Can CFCs be used to determine anthropogenic CO2?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(1), 1013, doi:10.1029/2001GB001415, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Matsumoto, K. and Gruber, N.: How accurate is the estimation of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean? An evaluation of the $\Delta $C* method, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB3014, doi:10.1029/2004GB002397, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Mikaloff-Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A. R., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., Gerber, M., Follows, M., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Menemenlis, D., Mouchet, A., Müller, S. A., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; uptake, transport, and storage by the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2005GB002530, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Olsson, K. A., Jeansson, E., Tanhua, T., and Gascard, J. C.: The East Greenland Current studied from CFCs, J. Marine Syst., 55, 77–95, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Pickart, R. S., Spall, M. A., and Lazier, J. R. N.: Mid-depth ventilation in the western boundary current system of the sub-polar gyre, Deep-Sea Res. I, 44, 1025–1054, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Pickart, R. S., Straneo, F., and Moore, G. W. K.: Is Labrador Sea Water formed in the Irminger Basin?, Deep Sea Res. I, 50, 23–52, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Rhein, M., Kieke, D., and Steinfeldt, R.: Ventilation of the Upper Labrador Sea Water, 2003–2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06603, doi:10.1029/2006GL028540, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Johnson, K. M., Millero, F. J., Poisson, A., Sarmiento, J. L., Wallace, D. W. R., and Winn, C. D.: Anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; inventory of the Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 179–198, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Ríos, A. F.: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Sarafanov, A., Sokov, A., Demidov, A., and Falina, A.: Warming and salinification of intermediate and deep waters in the Irminger Sea and Iceland Basin in 1997–2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23609, doi:10.1029/2007GL031074, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Sarmiento, J. L. and Le Quéré, C.: Oceanic carbon dioxide uptake in a model of century-scale global warming, Science, 274, 1346–1350, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Schott, F. A., Zantopp, R., Stramma, L., Dengler, M., Fischer, J., and Wibaux, M.: Circulation and Deep-Water Export at theWestern Exit of the Subpolar North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 817–843, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Schuster, U. and Watson, A. J.: A variable and decreasing sink for atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11006, doi:10.1029/2006JC003941, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Stramma, L., Kieke, D., Rhein, M., Schott, F., et al.: Deep Water changes at the western boundary of the subpolar North Atlantic, 1996–2001, Deep Sea Res. I, 51, 1033–1056, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Tanhua, T. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Consistency of TTO-NAS inorganic carbon data with modern measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14618, doi:10.1029/2005GL023248, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Tanhua, T., Biastoch, A., Körtzinger, A., Lüger, H., Böning, C., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Changes of anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CFCs in the North Atlantic between 1981 and 2004, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4017, doi:10.1029/2006GB002695, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Tanhua, T., Olsson, K. A., and Jeansson, E.: Tracer evidence of the origin and variability of Denmark Strait OverflowWater, in: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the role of the Nordic Seas in Climate, edited by: Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J., and Rhines, P., 475–503, Springer Verlag, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Touratier, F., Azouzi, L., and Goyet, C.: CFC-11, $\Delta ^14$C and &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;H tracers as a means to assess anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean, Tellus, 59B, 318–325, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00247.x, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Padin, X. A., Pérez, F. F., Ríos, A. F., and Bellerby, R. G. J.: Anthropogenic carbon determination from sub-surface boundary conditions, J. Marine Syst., submitted, 2008a, available at: http://store.pangaea.de/Projects/CARBOOCEAN/MastersThesisRodriguez.pdf. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Touratier, F., Lo Monaco, C., Waugh, D. W., Padin, X. A., Bellerby, R. G. J., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Ríos, A. F., and Pérez, F. F.: Anthropogenic carbon distributions in the Atlantic Ocean: Databased estimates from the Arctic to the Antarctic, Biogeosciences Discuss., 5, 1421–1443, 2008b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Wallace, D. W. R.: Storage and transport of excess CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the oceans: the JGOFS/WOCE Global CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Survey, in: Ocean Circulation and Climate, edited by: Church, J., Siedler, G., and Gould, J., Academic Press, 489–521, US JGOFS Contribution No 953, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Wanninkhof, R., Peng, T. H., Huss, B., Sabine, C. L., and Lee, K.: Comparison of inorganic carbon system parameters measured in the Atlantic Ocean from 1990 to 1998 and recommended adjustments, ORNL/CDIAC-140, 43 pp., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., US Dept. of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Watson, A. J., Nightingale, P. D., and Cooper, D. J.: Modeling atmosphere-ocean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; transfer, Philos. T. Roy Soc. B, 348, 125–132, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Yashayaev, I., Penny Holliday, N., Bersch, M., and van Aken, H. M.: The history of the Labrador Sea Water: Production, Spreading, Transformation and Loss, in: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: defining the role of the Northern Seas in climate, edited by: Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J., and Rhines, P., Springer, The Netherlands, 569–612, 2008. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

