Biogeosciences
www.biogeosciences.net
1726-4170
1726-4189
3
4
2006
10.5194/bg-3-571-2006
http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/571/2006/
http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/571/2006/bg-3-571-2006.html
http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/571/2006/bg-3-571-2006.pdf
571
583
2006-11-27
Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation
D. Papale
darpap@unitus.it
M. Reichstein
M. Aubinet
E. Canfora
C. Bernhofer
W. Kutsch
B. Longdoz
S. Rambal
R. Valentini
T. Vesala
D. Yakir
Department of Forest Science and Environment, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
Max-Planck Institut fur Biogeochemie, P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Avenue de la Faculté d'Agronomie 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
Dept. of Meteorology, Institute of Hydrology and-Meteorology, Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
Dream CEFE-CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014, Finland
Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
Eddy covariance technique to measure CO<sub>2</sub>, water and energy fluxes
between biosphere and atmosphere is widely spread and used in various
regional networks. Currently more than 250 eddy covariance sites are active
around the world measuring carbon exchange at high temporal resolution for
different biomes and climatic conditions. In this paper a new standardized
set of corrections is introduced and the uncertainties associated with these
corrections are assessed for eight different forest sites in Europe with a
total of 12 yearly datasets. The uncertainties introduced on the two
components GPP (Gross Primary Production) and TER (Terrestrial Ecosystem
Respiration) are also discussed and a quantitative analysis presented.
Through a factorial analysis we find that generally, uncertainties by
different corrections are additive without interactions and that the
heuristic u<sub>*</sub>-correction introduces the largest uncertainty. The
results show that a standardized data processing is needed for an effective
comparison across biomes and for underpinning inter-annual variability. The
methodology presented in this paper has also been integrated in the European
database of the eddy covariance measurements.
Anthoni, P., Freibauer, A., Kolle, O., and Schulze, E.-D.: Winter wheat carbon exchange in Thuringia, Germany, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 121, 55–67, 2004.
Arain, M. A. and Restrepo-Coupe, N.: Net ecosystem production in a temperate pine plantation in southeastern Canada, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 128, 223–241, 2005.
Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, Ü., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J. A., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forest: The EUROFLUX Methodology, Advances in Ecological Research, 30, 114–173, 2000.
Aubinet, M., Chermanne, B., Vandenhaute, M., Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and Laitat, E.: Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 108, 293–315, 2001.
Aubinet, M., Heinesch, B., and Longdoz, B.: Estimation of the carbon sequestration by a heterogeneous forest: night flux corrections, heterogeneity of the site and inter-annual variability, Global Change Biol., 8, 1053–1071, 2002.
Aubinet, M., Clement, R., Elbers, J. A., Foken, T., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Moncrieff, J., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., and Rebmann, C.: Methodology for Data Acquisition, Storage and Treatment, in: R. Valentini, Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003a.
Aubinet, M., Heinesch, B., and Yernaux, M.: Horizontal and Vertical CO<sub>2</sub> Advection In A Sloping Forest, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 108, 397–417, 2003b.
Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Paw, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415–2434, 2001.
Bernhofer, C., Aubinet, M., Clement, R., Grelle, A., Grünwald, T., Ibrom, A., Jarvis, P., Rebmann, C., Schulze, E.-D., and Tenhunen, J.: Spruce Forests (Norway and Sitka Spruce, Including Douglas Fir): Carbon and Water Fluxes and Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants, in: R. Valentini, Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003.
Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., and Heilman, W.: Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 126, 271–295, 2004.
Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R. J.: An Introduction to the Bootstrap, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross, P., Grünwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N.-O., Katul, G., Keronen, P., Kowalski, A., Lai, C. T., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen, J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 107, 43–69, 2001.
Feigenwinter, C., Bernhofer, C., and Vogt, R.: The Influence of Advection on the Short Term CO<sub>2</sub> - Budget in and Above a Forest Canopy, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 113, 201–224, 2004.
Feigenwinter, C., Heinesch, B., Yernaux, M., Bernhofer, C., Eichelmann, U., Moderow, U., Queck, R., Kolle, O., Hertel, M., Zeri, M., Ziegler, W., Lindroth, A., Mölder, M., Lagergren, F., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S., Minach, L., Janous, D., Pavelka, M., Acosta, M., and Aubinet, M.: The CarboEurope-IP advection activities ADVEX'05: A joint effort to improve experimental and methodological approches of CO<sub>2</sub> advection measurements, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 8, 1607-7962/gra/EGU1606-A-03724, 2006.
Finnigan, J., Aubinet, M., Katul, G., Leuning, R., and Schimel, D.: Report of a Specialist Workshop on "Flux Measurements in Difficult Conditions", January 26-28, Boulder Colorado, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., in press, 2006.
Göckede, M., Markkanen, T., Hasager, C. B. and Foken, T.: Update of a Footprint-Based Approach for the Characterisation of Complex Measurement Sites, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 118, 635-655, 2006.
Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S. M., Daube, B. C., and Wofsy, S.: Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy, Global Change Biol., 2, 169–182, 1996.
Granier, A., Ceschia, E., Damesin, C., Dufrêne, E., Epron, D., Gross, P., Lebaube, S., Le Dantec, V., Le Goff, N., Lemoine, D., Lucot, E., Ottorini, J. M., Pontailler, J. Y., and Saugier, B.: The carbon balance of a young Beech forest, Functional Ecol., 14, 312–325, 2000.
Grunzweig, J. M., Lin, T., Rotenberg, E., Schwartz, A., and Yakir, D.: Carbon sequestration in arid-land forest, Global Change Biol., 9, 791–799, 2003.
Gu, L., Falge, E. M., Boden, T., Baldocchi, D. D., Black, T. A., Saleska, S. R., Suni, T., Verma, S. B., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S. C., and Xu, L.: Objective threshold determination for nighttime eddy flux filtering, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 128, 179–197, 2005.
Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z., Davis, K. J., and Tarczay, K.: Long-term tall tower carbon dioxide flux monitoring over an area of mixed vegetation, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 132, 58–77, 2005.
Hollinger, D. and Richardson, A. D.: Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models, Tree Physiology, 25, 873–885, 2005.
Knohl, A., Schulze, E.-D., Kolle, O., and Buchmann, N.: Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged 250-year-old deciduous forest in Central Germany, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 118, 151–167, 2003.
Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B.: Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004.
Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A., Montagnani, L., Manca, G., Kerschbaumer, G., and Minerbi, S.: Importance of advection in the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges of an alpine forest, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 130, 193–206, 2005.
Massman, W. J. and Lee, X.: Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 113, 121–144, 2002.
Moncrieff, J., Mahli, Y., and Leuning, R.: The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water, Global Change Biol., 2, 231–240, 1996.
Papale, D. and Valentini, R.: A new assessment of European forests carbon exchanges by eddy fluxes and artificial neural network spatialization, Global Change Biol., 9, 525–535, 2003.
Papale, D. and Reichstein, M.: Centralized quality checks and gap filling used in the CarboeuropeIP Database, AmeriFlux annual meeting 2005, 18–20 October 2005, Boulder Colorado USA.
Rambal, S., Joffre, R., Ourcival, J. M., Cavender-Bares, J., and Rocheteau, A.: The growth respiration component in eddy CO<sub>2</sub> flux from a \textitQuercus ilex mediterranean forest, Global Change Biol., 10, 1460–1469, 2004.
Rebmann, C., Göckede, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Cescatti, A., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Elbers, J. A., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Guyon, D., Havrankova, K., Heinesch, B., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Longdoz, B., Marcolla, B., Markkanen, T., Miglietta, F., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Nardino, M., Ourcival, J. M., Rambal, S., Rannik, Ü., Rotenberg, E., Sedlak, P., Unterhuber, G., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 80, 121–141, 2005.
Reichstein, M., Tenhunen, J., Roupsard, O., Ourcival, J.-M., Rambal, S., Miglietta, F., Peressotti, A., Pecchiari, M., Tirone, G., and Valentini, R.: Inverse modeling of seasonal drought effects on canopy CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2003.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, 2005.
Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan, L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C., Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., and Wofsy, S. C.: A multi-site analysis of random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxes, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 136, 1–18, 2006.
Ruppert, J., Mauder, M., Thomas, C., and Lüers, J.: Innovative gap-filling strategy for annual sums of CO<sub>2</sub> net ecosystem exchange, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 138, 5–18, 2006.
Sachs, L.: Angewandte Statistik: Anwendung Statistischer Methoden, Springer, Berlin, 1996.
Staebler, R. M. and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: Observing subcanopy CO<sub>2</sub> advection, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 122, 139–156, 2004.
Suni, T., Rinne, J., Reissell, A., Altimir, N., Keronen, P., Rannik, Ü., Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M. and Vesala, T.: Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scots pine forest in Hyytiala, southern Finland, 1996–2001, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 287–301, 2003.
Tedeschi, V., Rey, A. N. A., Manca, G., Valentini, R., Jarvis, P. G., and Borghetti, M.: Soil respiration in a Mediterranean oak forest at different developmental stages after coppicing, Global Change Biol., 12, 110–121, 2006.
Wohlfahrt, G., Anfang, C., Bahn, M., Haslwanter, A., Newesely, C., Schmitt, M., Drösler, M., Pfadenhauer, J., and Cernusca, A.: Quantifying nighttime ecosystem respiration of a meadow using eddy covariance, chambers and modelling, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 128, 141–162, 2005.