<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.biogeosciences.net/inc/bg/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Biogeosciences</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.biogeosciences.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1726-4170</issn>
		<eissn>1726-4189</eissn>
		<volume_number>3</volume_number>
		<issue_number>3</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2006</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/bg-3-271-2006</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/271/2006/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/271/2006/bg-3-271-2006.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/271/2006/bg-3-271-2006.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>271</start_page>
	<end_page>280</end_page>
	<publication_date>2006-06-29</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">The role of air-sea exchange in the marine nitrogen cycle</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. Jickells</name>
			<email>t.jickells@uea.ac.uk</email>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Laboratory for Global Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">This contribution to the Spot-On volume considers the magnitude and
composition of atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the oceans and then goes on to
consider the impacts of these inputs. Effects in open ocean and coastal
areas are probably different. Offshore atmospheric inputs may produce a
small enhancement of overall ocean productivity and hence CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; drawdown.
In coastal waters atmospheric inputs contribute significantly to overall
eutrophication pressure, but evidence that they trigger algal blooms is
limited. Management of atmospheric inputs to coastal waters to mitigate
eutrophication pressures requires that emissions be managed over a wide area
reflecting the efficient long range transport of atmospheric nitrogen.
Strategies for management of oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition will
be different reflecting their different rates of deposition.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ayers, G. P., Gillett, R. W., Cainey, J. M., and Dick, A. L.: Chloride and bromide loss from sea-salt particles in Southern Ocean air, J. Atmos. Chem., 33, 299&amp;ndash;319, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Baker, A. R., Kelly, S. D. Biswas, K. F. Witt, M., and Jickells, T. D.: Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2296, doi:10.1029/2003GL018518/, 2003 </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Baker, A. R., Jickells, T. D., Biswas, K. F., Weston, K., and French, M.: Atmospheric aerosols along the AMT transect &amp;ndash; sources and cycling of atmospheric nutrients, Deep-Sea Res. II, in press, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Bigg, G. R., Jickells, T. D., Liss, P. S., and Osborn, T. J.: The Role of the Oceans in Climate, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1127&amp;ndash;1159, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Brion, N., Baeyens, W., De Galan, S., Elskens, E., and Laane, W. P. M.: The North Sea: source or sink for nitrogen and phosphorus to the Atlantic Ocean, Biogeochem., 68, 277&amp;ndash;296, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25&amp;deg; N, Nature, 438, 655&amp;ndash;657, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Cape, J. N., Anderson, M., Rowland, A. P., and Wilson, D.: Organic nitrogen in precipitation across the United Kingdom, Water Air &amp; Soil Pollut. Focus, 4, 25&amp;ndash;35, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Capone, D. G., Burns, J. A., Montyoa, J. P., Subramaniam, A., Mahaffey, C., Gunderson, T., Micheals, A. F., and Carpenter, E. J.: Nitrogen fixation by \textitTrichodesmium spp: An important source of new nitrogen to the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, doi: GB20204 10.1029/2004GB002331, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Carbo, P., Krom, M. D., Homoky, W. B., Benning, L. G., and Herut, B.: Impact of atmospheric deposition on N and P geochemistry in the southwestern Levantine basin, Deep-Sea Res. II, 52, 3041&amp;ndash;3053, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Carstensen, J., Frohn, L. M., Hasager, C. B., and Gustafsson, B. G.: Summer algal blooms in a coastal ecosystem: the role of atmospheric deposition versus entrainment fluxes, Est. Coastal Shelf Sci., 62, 595&amp;ndash;608, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Castro, M. S., Driscoll, C. T., Jordan, T. E., Reay, W. G., Boynton, W. R., Seitzinger, S. P., Styles, R. V., and Cable, J. E.: Contribution of atmospheric deposition to the nitrogen loads to thirty four estuaries on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, in: Nitrogen Loading in Coastal Water Bodies: An atmospheric Perspective, Valigura, R. A., Alexander, R. B., Castro, M. S., Meyers, T. P., Paerl, H. W., Stacey, P. E., and Turner, R. E., 77&amp;ndash;106, AGU, 254 pp., 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Chester, R., Bradshaw, G. F., Ottley, C. J., Harrison, R. M., Merrett, J. L., Preston, M. R., Rendell, A. R., Kane, M. M., and Jickells, T. D.: The atmospheric distributions of trace metals, trace organics and nitrogen species over the North Sea, in: Understanding the North Sea System, 165&amp;ndash;178, edidted by: Charnock, H., Dyer, K. R., Huthnance, J. M., Liss, P. S., Simpson, J. H., and Tett, P. B., Chapman Hall, 222 pp, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Cornell, S., Mace, K., Coeppicus, S., Duce, R., Huebert, B., Jickells, T., and Zhuang, L. Z.: Organic nitrogen in Hawaiian rain and aerosol, J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7973&amp;ndash;7983, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Cornell, S. E., Jickells, T. D., Cape, J. N., Rowland, A. P., and Duce, R. A.: Organic nitrogen deposition on land and coastal environments: a review of methods and data, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2173&amp;ndash;2191, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Duce, R. A., Liss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B. B., Miller, J. M., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., Church, T. M., Ellis, W. E., Galloway, J. N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T. D., Knap, A. H., Reinhardt, K. H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J. J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., and Zhou, M.: The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 193&amp;ndash;259, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Falkowski, P. G., Barberm, R. T., and Smetacek, V.: Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production, Science, 281, 200&amp;ndash;206, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J. Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W. Seitzinger, S. P. Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and V\vor\vosmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles: past, present and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153&amp;ndash;226, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Jenkins, W. J. and Doney, S. C.: The subtropical nutrient spiral, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, 1110, doi:10.1029/2003GB002085, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K.: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change IPCC and Cambridge University Press, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Huebert, B., Vitouse, P., Sutton, J., Elias, T., Heath, J. Coeppicus, S., Howell, S., and Blonquist, B.: Volcano fixes nitrogen into plant-available forms, Biogeochemistry, 47, 111&amp;ndash;118, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Jickells, T. D.: Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone, Science, 281, 217&amp;ndash;222, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Jickells, T. D., Dorling, S., Deuser, W. G., Church, T. M., Arimoto, R., and Prospero, J. M.: Air-borne dust fluxes to a deep water sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 311&amp;ndash;320, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Jickells, T. D., Kelly, S. D., Baker, A. R., Biswas, K., Dennis, P. F., Spokes, L. J., Witt, M., and Yeatman, S. G.: Isotopic evidence for a marine ammonia source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10.1029/2002GL016728, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridgwell, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.: Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry and climate, Science, 208, 65&amp;ndash;71, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Kane, M. M., Rendell, A. R., and Jickells, T. D.: Atmospheric scavenging processes over the North Sea, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2523&amp;ndash;2530, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Keene, W. C., Sander, R., Pszenny, A. A. P., Vogt, R., Crutzen, P. J., and Galloway, J. N.: Aerosol pH in the marine boundary layer: a review and model evaluation, J. Aerosol Sci., 29, 339&amp;ndash;356, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Kelly, S. D., Stein, C., and Jickells, T. D.: Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric organic matter, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6007&amp;ndash;6011, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Knap, A. H., Jickells, T. D., Pzenny, A., and Galloway, J. N.: Significance of atmosphere derived fixed nitrogen on productivity of the Sargasso Sea, Nature, 320, 158&amp;ndash;160, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Kononen, K.: Eutrophication, harmful algal blooms and species diversity in phytoplankton communities: examples from the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 30, 184&amp;ndash;189, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Liss, P. S. and Galloway, J. N.: Air-sea exchange of sulphur and nitrogen and their interaction in the marine atmosphere, in: Interactions of C, N, P and S Cycles and Global Change, edited by: Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F. T., and Chou, L., Springer, Berlin, 249&amp;ndash;281, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Mace, K. A., Artaxo, P., and Duce, R. A.: Water soluble organic nitrogen in Amazon Basin aerosols during the dry (biomass burning) and wet seasons, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003557, 2003a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Mace, K. A., Kubilay, N., and Duce, R. A.: Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol in the eastern Mediterranean atmosphere: An association with atmospheric dust, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD003058, 2003b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Mace, K. A., Duce, R. A., and Tindale, N. W.: Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol at Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/doi10.1029/2002JD003051, 2003c. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Meyers, T., Sickles, J., Dennis, R., Russell, K., Galloway, J., and Church, T.: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to coastal estuaries and their watersheds, in: Nitrogen Loading in Coastal Water Bodies: An Atmospheric Perspective, edited by: Valigura, R. A., Alexander, R. B., Castro, M. S., Meyers, T. P., Parel, H. W., Stacey, P. E., and Turner, R. E., AGU, 254 pp., 53&amp;ndash;76, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Michaels, A. F., Siegel, D. A., Johnson, R. I., Knap, A. H., and Galloway, J. N.: Episodic inputs of atmospheric nitrogen to the Sargasso Sea: Contributions to new production and phytoplankton blooms, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 339&amp;ndash;351, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Mills, M. M., Ridame, C., Davey, M., laRoche, J., and Geider, R. J.: Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Nature, 429, 292&amp;ndash;294, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Moffett, J. W., Brand, L. E., Croot, P. L., and Barbeau, K. A.: Cu speciation and cyanobacterial distributions in harbors subject to anthropogenic Cu inputs, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 789&amp;ndash;799, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Neff, J. C., Holland, E. A., Dentener, F. J., McDowell, W. H., and Russell, K. H.: The origin, composition and rates of organic nitrogen deposition: a missing piece of the nitrogen cycle, Biogeochem., 57/58, 99&amp;ndash;136, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> NEGTAP: Transboundary Air Pollution: Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone in the UK. DEFRA UK, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Norman, M. and Leck, C.: Distribution of marine boundary layer ammonia over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans during the Aerosols99 cruise, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2005JD005866, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Pahlow, M. and Riebesell, U.: Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios, Science, 287, 831&amp;ndash;833, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Paerl, H. W.: Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition: current perspectives, Ophelia, 41, 237&amp;ndash;259, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Paerl, H. W.: Connecting atmospheric nitrogen deposition to coastal eutrophication, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 323A&amp;ndash;326A, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Paerl, H. W., Dennis, R. L., and Whitall, D. R.: Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen: implications for nutrient over-enrichment of coastal waters, Estuaries, 25, 677&amp;ndash;693, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Pahlow, M. and Riebesell, U.: Temporal trend in deep ocean Redfield ratios, Science, 287, 831&amp;ndash;833, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Pryor, S. C. and Sørenson, L. L.: Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen to marine environments: recent advances and remaining uncertainties, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 1177&amp;ndash;1181, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Raes, F., van Dingenen, R., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Putaud, J.-P., Seinfeld, J. H., and Adams, P.: Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4215&amp;ndash;4240, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Rendell, A. R., Ottley, C. J., Jickells, T. D., and Harrison, R. M.: The atmospheric input of nitrogen to the North Sea, Tellus, 45B, 53&amp;ndash;63, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Richter, A., Burrows, J., Nüss, P. H., Granier, C., and Niemeyer, U.: Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China from space, Nature, 437, 129&amp;ndash;132, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Rodhe, J., Tett, P., and Wulff, F.: The Baltic and North seas: a regional review of some important physical-chemical-biological interaction processes, in: The Seas, edited by: Robinson, A. and Brink, K., Harvard University Press, 14, Chapter 26, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Russell, K. M., Keene, W. C., Maben, J. R., Galloway, J. N., and Moody, J. L.: Phase partitioning and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at the mid-Atlantic coast, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003736, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics: From Air Pollution To Global Climate Change, Wiley, New York, 1325 pp, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Seitzinger, S. P. and Sanders, R. W.: Atmsopheric inputs of organic nitrogen stimulate estuarine bacteria and phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 721&amp;ndash;730, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Sørenson, L. L., Hertel, O., Skjøth, C. A., Lund, M., and Pedersen, B.: Fluxes of ammonia in the coastal marine boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 37, Supplement No. 1, S167&amp;ndash;S177, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Spokes, L. J. and Jickells, T. D.: Is the atmosphere really an important source of reactive nitrogen to coastal waters?, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 2022&amp;ndash;2035, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Spokes, L., Jickells T., Weston, K., Gustafsson, B. G., Johnsson M. Liljebladh, B., Conley, D. Ambelas-Skjødth, C. Brandt, J. Carstensen, J. Christiansen, T. Frohn, L., Geernaert, G., Hertel, O., Jensen, B., Lundsgaard, C Markager, S. Martinsen W., Møller, B., Pedersen B., Sauerberg, K., Sørensen, L. L., Hasager, C. C., Sempreviva, A. M., Pryor, S. C., Lund, S. W., Larsen, S., Tjernström, M., Svensson, G., and \vZagar, M.: MEAD &amp;ndash; An interdiciplinary study of the effects of atmospheric deposition in the Kattegat, Environ. Pollut., 140, 453&amp;ndash;462, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Valigura, R. A., Alexander, R. B., Castro, M. S., Meyers, T. P., Paerl, H. W., Stacey, P. E., and Turner, R. E. (Eds.): Nitrogen Loading in Coastal Water Bodies: An atmospheric Perspective, AGU, 254 pp, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Voss, M., Emeis, K.-C., Hille, S., Neumann, T., and Dipner, J. W.: Nitrogen cycle of the Baltic Sea from an isotopic perspective, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2004GB002338, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Walker, J. T., Whitall, D. R., Robarge, W., and Paerl, H. W.: Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable emission density, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1235&amp;ndash;1246, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Wu, J., Sunda, W., Boyle, E. A., and Karl, D. M.: Phosphate depletion in the western north Atlantic Ocean, Science, 289, 759&amp;ndash;762, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> \vZagar, M., Svensson, G., and Tjernström, M.: High spatial and temporal variabilty of dry deposition in a coastal region, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 5, 357&amp;ndash;372, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Zhang, J. and Liu, M. G.: Observations on nutrients and sulphate in atmospheric wet deposition over the northwest Pacific coastal oceans &amp;ndash; Yellow Sea, Mar. Chem., 47, 173&amp;ndash;189, 1994. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

