Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences.net 1726-4170 1726-4189 2 2 2005 10.5194/bg-2-175-2005 http://www.biogeosciences.net/2/175/2005/ http://www.biogeosciences.net/2/175/2005/bg-2-175-2005.html http://www.biogeosciences.net/2/175/2005/bg-2-175-2005.pdf 175 187 2005-08-02 Nitrous oxide fluxes and nitrogen cycling along a pasture chronosequence in Central Amazonia, Brazil B. Wick E. Veldkamp W. Z. de Mello M. Keller P. Crill Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Soil Science and Site Science, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Geoquímica, Centro, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24.020-007, Brasil USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, PR 00926-1119, USA Department of Geology and Geochemistry, University of Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden We studied nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes and soil nitrogen (N) cycling following forest conversion to pasture in the central Amazon near Santar&#233;m, Par&#225;, Brazil. Two undisturbed forest sites and 27 pasture sites of 0.5 to 60 years were sampled once each during wet and dry seasons. In addition to soil-atmosphere fluxes of N₂O we measured 27 soil chemical, soil microbiological and soil physical variables. <br /><br /> Soil N₂O fluxes were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Fluxes of N₂O from forest soils always exceeded fluxes from pasture soils and showed no consistent trend with pasture age. At our forest sites, nitrate was the dominant form of inorganic N both during wet and dry season. At our pasture sites nitrate generally dominated the inorganic N pools during the wet season and ammonium dominated during the dry season. Net mineralization and nitrification rates displayed large variations. During the dry season net immobilization of N was observed in some pastures. Compared to forest sites, young pasture sites (&le;2 years) had low microbial biomass N and protease activities. Protease activity and microbial biomass N peaked in pastures of intermediate age (4 to 8 years) followed by consistently lower values in older pasture (10 to 60 years). The C/N ratio of litter was low at the forest sites (~25) and rapidly increased with pasture age reaching values of 60-70 at pastures of 15 years and older. <br /><br /> Nitrous oxide emissions at our sites were controlled by C and N availability and soil aeration. Fluxes of N₂O were negatively correlated to leaf litter C/N ratio, NH₄⁺-N and the ratio of NO₃^--N to the sum of NO₃^--N + NH₄⁺-N (indicators of N availability), and methane fluxes and bulk density (indicators of soil aeration status) during the wet season. During the dry season fluxes of N₂O were positively correlated to microbial biomass N, &beta;-glucosidase activity, total inorganic N stocks and NH₄⁺-N. In our study region, pastures of all age emitted less N₂O than old-growth forests, because of a progressive decline in N availability with pasture age combined with strongly anaerobic conditions in some pastures during the wet season.