Articles | Volume 14, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1285-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1285-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Mar 2017
Research article |
| 15 Mar 2017
Carbon stocks and dynamics at different successional stages in an Afromontane tropical forest
Brigitte Nyirambangutse
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 405 30, Sweden
Department of Biology, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box
117, Huye, Rwanda
Etienne Zibera
Department of Biology, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box
117, Huye, Rwanda
Félicien K. Uwizeye
Department of Biology, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box
117, Huye, Rwanda
Donat Nsabimana
Department of Biology, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box
117, Huye, Rwanda
Elias Bizuru
Department of Biology, University of Rwanda, University Avenue, P.O. Box
117, Huye, Rwanda
Håkan Pleijel
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 405 30, Sweden
Johan Uddling
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 405 30, Sweden
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 405 30, Sweden
Related authors
Håkan Pleijel, Jenny Klingberg, Michelle Nerentorp, Malin C. Broberg, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, John Munthe, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 18, 6313–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a problematic metal in the environment. It is crucial to understand the Hg circulation in ecosystems. We explored the mercury concentration in foliage from a diverse set of plants, locations and sampling periods to study the accumulation of Hg in leaves–needles over time. Mercury was always higher in older tissue: in broadleaved trees, conifers and wheat. Specific leaf area, the leaf area per unit leaf mass, turned out to be critical for Hg accumulation in leaves–needles.
Fredrik Lagergren, Robert G. Björk, Camilla Andersson, Danijel Belušić, Mats P. Björkman, Erik Kjellström, Petter Lind, David Lindstedt, Tinja Olenius, Håkan Pleijel, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Paul A. Miller
Biogeosciences, 21, 1093–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Fennoscandian boreal and mountain regions harbour a wide range of ecosystems sensitive to climate change. A new, highly resolved high-emission climate scenario enabled modelling of the vegetation development in this region at high resolution for the 21st century. The results show dramatic south to north and low- to high-altitude shifts of vegetation zones, especially for the open tundra environments, which will have large implications for nature conservation, reindeer husbandry and forestry.
Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa, Etienne Zibera, Nkuba Epaphrodite, Aloysie Manishimwe, Donat Nsabimana, Johan Uddling, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 20, 5125–5149, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5125-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5125-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Twenty tropical tree species native to Africa were planted along an elevation gradient (1100 m, 5.4 °C difference). We found that early-successional (ES) species, especially from lower elevations, grew faster at warmer sites, while several of the late-successional (LS) species, especially from higher elevations, did not respond or grew slower. Moreover, a warmer climate increased tree mortality in LS species, but not much in ES species.
Yimian Ma, Xu Yue, Stephen Sitch, Nadine Unger, Johan Uddling, Lina M. Mercado, Cheng Gong, Zhaozhong Feng, Huiyi Yang, Hao Zhou, Chenguang Tian, Yang Cao, Yadong Lei, Alexander W. Cheesman, Yansen Xu, and Maria Carolina Duran Rojas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2261–2276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2261-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2261-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Plants have been found to respond differently to O3, but the variations in the sensitivities have rarely been explained nor fully implemented in large-scale assessment. This study proposes a new O3 damage scheme with leaf mass per area to unify varied sensitivities for all plant species. Our assessment reveals an O3-induced reduction of 4.8 % in global GPP, with the highest reduction of >10 % for cropland, suggesting an emerging risk of crop yield loss under the threat of O3 pollution.
Håkan Pleijel, Jenny Klingberg, Michelle Nerentorp, Malin C. Broberg, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, John Munthe, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 18, 6313–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a problematic metal in the environment. It is crucial to understand the Hg circulation in ecosystems. We explored the mercury concentration in foliage from a diverse set of plants, locations and sampling periods to study the accumulation of Hg in leaves–needles over time. Mercury was always higher in older tissue: in broadleaved trees, conifers and wheat. Specific leaf area, the leaf area per unit leaf mass, turned out to be critical for Hg accumulation in leaves–needles.
Martina Franz, Rocio Alonso, Almut Arneth, Patrick Büker, Susana Elvira, Giacomo Gerosa, Lisa Emberson, Zhaozhong Feng, Didier Le Thiec, Riccardo Marzuoli, Elina Oksanen, Johan Uddling, Matthew Wilkinson, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 15, 6941–6957, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6941-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6941-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Four published ozone damage functions previously used in terrestrial biosphere models were evaluated regarding their ability to simulate observed biomass dose–response relationships using the O-CN model. Neither damage function was able to reproduce the observed ozone-induced biomass reductions. Calibrating a plant-functional-type-specific relationship between accumulated ozone uptake and leaf-level photosynthesis did lead to a good agreement between observed and modelled ozone damage.
Fernando Jaramillo, Neil Cory, Berit Arheimer, Hjalmar Laudon, Ype van der Velde, Thomas B. Hasper, Claudia Teutschbein, and Johan Uddling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 567–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-567-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-567-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Which is the dominant effect on evapotranspiration in northern forests, an increase by recent forests expansion or a decrease by the water use response due to increasing CO2 concentrations? We determined the dominant effect during the period 1961–2012 in 65 Swedish basins. We used the Budyko framework to study the hydroclimatic movements in Budyko space. Our findings suggest that forest expansion is the dominant driver of long-term and large-scale evapotranspiration changes.
J. Klingberg, M. Engardt, P. E. Karlsson, J. Langner, and H. Pleijel
Biogeosciences, 11, 5269–5283, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5269-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5269-2014, 2014
H. Pleijel, H. Danielsson, D. Simpson, and G. Mills
Biogeosciences, 11, 4521–4528, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4521-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4521-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Terrestrial
Kilometre-scale simulations over Fennoscandia reveal a large loss of tundra due to climate warming
Microclimate mapping using novel radiative transfer modelling
Root distributions predict shrub–steppe responses to precipitation intensity
Thermophilisation of Afromontane forest stands demonstrated in an elevation gradient experiment
Above-treeline ecosystems facing drought: lessons from the 2022 European summer heat wave
Region effects and local climate jointly shape the global distribution of sexual systems in woody flowering plants
Drivers of ecosystem water use efficiency in a temperate rainforest and a peatland in southern South America
Canopy gaps and associated losses of biomass – combining UAV imagery and field data in a central Amazon forest
Ideas and perspectives: Beyond model evaluation – combining experiments and models to advance terrestrial ecosystem science
Primary succession and its driving variables – a sphere-spanning approach applied in proglacial areas in the upper Martell Valley (Eastern Italian Alps)
Contemporary biodiversity pattern is affected by climate change at multiple temporal scales in steppes on the Mongolian Plateau
Quantifying vegetation indices using terrestrial laser scanning: methodological complexities and ecological insights from a Mediterranean forest
Revisiting and attributing the global controls over terrestrial ecosystem functions of climate and plant traits at FLUXNET sites via causal graphical models
Dynamics of short-term ecosystem carbon fluxes induced by precipitation events in a semiarid grassland
Throughfall exclusion and fertilization effects on tropical dry forest tree plantations, a large-scale experiment
Tectonic controls on the ecosystem of the Mara River basin, East Africa, from geomorphological and spectral index analysis
Ideas and Perspectives: Sensing Energy and Matter fluxes in a biota dominated Patagonian landscape through environmental seismology – Introducing the Pumalín Critical Zone Observatory
Spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus) cause up to 700 times higher bark BVOC emission rates compared to healthy Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Technical note: Novel estimates of the leaf relative uptake rate of carbonyl sulfide from optimality theory
Observed water and light limitation across global ecosystems
A question of scale: modeling biomass, gain and mortality distributions of a tropical forest
Seed traits and phylogeny explain plants' geographic distribution
Effect of the presence of plateau pikas on the ecosystem services of alpine meadows
Allometric equations and wood density parameters for estimating aboveground and woody debris biomass in Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi) forests of northeast Siberia
Strong influence of trees outside forest in regulating microclimate of intensively modified Afromontane landscapes
Excess radiation exacerbates drought stress impacts on canopy conductance along aridity gradients
Dispersal of bacteria and stimulation of permafrost decomposition by Collembola
Modeling the effects of alternative crop–livestock management scenarios on important ecosystem services for smallholder farming from a landscape perspective
Contrasting strategies of nutrient demand and use between savanna and forest ecosystems in a neotropical transition zone
Monitoring post-fire recovery of various vegetation biomes using multi-wavelength satellite remote sensing
Updated estimation of forest biomass carbon pools in China, 1977–2018
Estimating dry biomass and plant nitrogen concentration in pre-Alpine grasslands with low-cost UAS-borne multispectral data – a comparison of sensors, algorithms, and predictor sets
Fire in lichen-rich subarctic tundra changes carbon and nitrogen cycling between ecosystem compartments but has minor effects on stocks
Mass concentration measurements of autumn bioaerosol using low-cost sensors in a mature temperate woodland free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment: investigating the role of meteorology and carbon dioxide levels
Phosphorus stress strongly reduced plant physiological activity, but only temporarily, in a mesocosm experiment with Zea mays colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Main drivers of plant diversity patterns of rubber plantations in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Importance of the forest state in estimating biomass losses from tropical forests: combining dynamic forest models and remote sensing
Examining the role of environmental memory in the predictability of carbon and water fluxes across Australian ecosystems
Water uptake patterns of pea and barley responded to drought but not to cropping systems
Geodiversity and biodiversity on a volcanic island: the role of scattered phonolites for plant diversity and performance
The role of cover crops for cropland soil carbon, nitrogen leaching, and agricultural yields – a global simulation study with LPJmL (V. 5.0-tillage-cc)
The biogeographic pattern of microbial communities inhabiting terrestrial mud volcanoes across the Eurasian continent
Thirty-eight years of CO2 fertilization has outpaced growing aridity to drive greening of Australian woody ecosystems
Net soil carbon balance in afforested peatlands and separating autotrophic and heterotrophic soil CO2 effluxes
Bioaerosols and atmospheric ice nuclei in a Mediterranean dryland: community changes related to rainfall
Strong temporal variation in treefall and branchfall rates in a tropical forest is related to extreme rainfall: results from 5 years of monthly drone data for a 50 ha plot
Nitrogen restricts future sub-arctic treeline advance in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model
Spatial patterns of aboveground phytogenic Si stocks in a grass-dominated catchment – results from UAS-based high-resolution remote sensing
Patterns in recent and Holocene pollen accumulation rates across Europe – the Pollen Monitoring Programme Database as a tool for vegetation reconstruction
Capturing functional strategies and compositional dynamics in vegetation demographic models
Fredrik Lagergren, Robert G. Björk, Camilla Andersson, Danijel Belušić, Mats P. Björkman, Erik Kjellström, Petter Lind, David Lindstedt, Tinja Olenius, Håkan Pleijel, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Paul A. Miller
Biogeosciences, 21, 1093–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Fennoscandian boreal and mountain regions harbour a wide range of ecosystems sensitive to climate change. A new, highly resolved high-emission climate scenario enabled modelling of the vegetation development in this region at high resolution for the 21st century. The results show dramatic south to north and low- to high-altitude shifts of vegetation zones, especially for the open tundra environments, which will have large implications for nature conservation, reindeer husbandry and forestry.
Florian Zellweger, Eric Sulmoni, Johanna T. Malle, Andri Baltensweiler, Tobias Jonas, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Christian Ginzler, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Pieter De Frenne, David Frey, and Clare Webster
Biogeosciences, 21, 605–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The microclimatic conditions experienced by organisms living close to the ground are not well represented in currently used climate datasets derived from weather stations. Therefore, we measured and mapped ground microclimate temperatures at 10 m spatial resolution across Switzerland using a novel radiation model. Our results reveal a high variability in microclimates across different habitats and will help to better understand climate and land use impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems.
Andrew Kulmatiski, Martin C. Holdrege, Cristina Chirvasă, and Karen H. Beard
Biogeosciences, 21, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-131-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warmer air and larger precipitation events are changing the way water moves through the soil and into plants. Here we show that detailed descriptions of root distributions can predict plant growth responses to changing precipitation patterns. Shrubs and forbs increased growth, while grasses showed no response to increased precipitation intensity, and these responses were predicted by plant rooting distributions.
Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa, Etienne Zibera, Nkuba Epaphrodite, Aloysie Manishimwe, Donat Nsabimana, Johan Uddling, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 20, 5125–5149, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5125-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5125-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Twenty tropical tree species native to Africa were planted along an elevation gradient (1100 m, 5.4 °C difference). We found that early-successional (ES) species, especially from lower elevations, grew faster at warmer sites, while several of the late-successional (LS) species, especially from higher elevations, did not respond or grew slower. Moreover, a warmer climate increased tree mortality in LS species, but not much in ES species.
Philippe Choler
Biogeosciences, 20, 4259–4272, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4259-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4259-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The year 2022 was unique in that the summer heat wave and drought led to a widespread reduction in vegetation growth at high elevation in the European Alps. This impact was unprecedented in the southwestern, warm, and dry part of the Alps. Over the last 2 decades, water has become a co-dominant control of vegetation activity in areas that were, so far, primarily controlled by temperature, and the growth of mountain grasslands has become increasingly sensitive to moisture availability.
Minhua Zhang, Xiaoqing Hu, and Fangliang He
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-154, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-154, 2023
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Plant sexual systems are important to understanding the evolution and maintenance of plant diversity. We quantified region effects on their proportions while incorporating local climate factors and evolutionary history. We found regional processes and climate effects both play important roles in shaping the geographic distribution of sexual systems, providing a baseline for predicting future changes in forest communities under global change.
Jorge F. Perez-Quezada, David Trejo, Javier Lopatin, David Aguilera, Bruce Osborne, Mauricio Galleguillos, Luca Zattera, Juan L. Celis-Diez, and Juan J. Armesto
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1932, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For 8 years we sampled a temperate rainforest and a peatland in Chile to estimate their efficiency to capture carbon per unit of water lost. The efficiency is more related to the water lost than to the carbon captured and is mainly driven by evaporation instead of transpiration. This is the first report from southern South America and highlights that ecosystems might behave different in this area, likely explained by the high annual precipitation (~2100 mm) and light-limited conditions.
Adriana Simonetti, Raquel Fernandes Araujo, Carlos Henrique Souza Celes, Flávia Ranara da Silva e Silva, Joaquim dos Santos, Niro Higuchi, Susan Trumbore, and Daniel Magnabosco Marra
Biogeosciences, 20, 3651–3666, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined 2 years of monthly drone-acquired RGB (red–green–blue) imagery with field surveys in a central Amazon forest. Our results indicate that small gaps associated with branch fall were the most frequent. Biomass losses were partially controlled by gap area, with branch fall and snapping contributing the least and greatest relative values, respectively. Our study highlights the potential of drone images for monitoring canopy dynamics in dense tropical forests.
Silvia Caldararu, Victor Rolo, Benjamin D. Stocker, Teresa E. Gimeno, and Richard Nair
Biogeosciences, 20, 3637–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3637-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3637-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem manipulative experiments are large experiments in real ecosystems. They include processes such as species interactions and weather that would be omitted in more controlled settings. They offer a high level of realism but are underused in combination with vegetation models used to predict the response of ecosystems to global change. We propose a workflow using models and ecosystem experiments together, taking advantage of the benefits of both tools for Earth system understanding.
Katharina Ramskogler, Bettina Knoflach, Bernhard Elsner, Brigitta Erschbamer, Florian Haas, Tobias Heckmann, Florentin Hofmeister, Livia Piermattei, Camillo Ressl, Svenja Trautmann, Michael H. Wimmer, Clemens Geitner, Johann Stötter, and Erich Tasser
Biogeosciences, 20, 2919–2939, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Primary succession in proglacial areas depends on complex driving forces. To concretise the complex effects and interaction processes, 39 known explanatory variables assigned to seven spheres were analysed via principal component analysis and generalised additive models. Key results show that in addition to time- and elevation-dependent factors, also disturbances alter vegetation development. The results are useful for debates on vegetation development in a warming climate.
Zijing Li, Zhiyong Li, Xuze Tong, Lei Dong, Ying Zheng, Jinghui Zhang, Bailing Miao, Lixin Wang, Liqing Zhao, Lu Wen, Guodong Han, Frank Yonghong Li, and Cunzhu Liang
Biogeosciences, 20, 2869–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used random forest models and structural equation models to assess the relative importance of the present climate and paleoclimate as determinants of diversity and aboveground biomass. Results showed that paleoclimate changes and modern climate jointly determined contemporary biodiversity patterns, while community biomass was mainly affected by modern climate. These findings suggest that contemporary biodiversity patterns may be affected by processes at divergent temporal scales.
William Rupert Moore Flynn, Harry Jon Foord Owen, Stuart William David Grieve, and Emily Rebecca Lines
Biogeosciences, 20, 2769–2784, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying vegetation indices is crucial for ecosystem monitoring and modelling. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has potential to accurately measure vegetation indices, but multiple methods exist, with little consensus on best practice. We compare three methods and extract wood-to-plant ratio, a metric used to correct for wood in leaf indices. We show corrective metrics vary with tree structure and variation among methods, highlighting the value of TLS data and importance of rigorous testing.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 20, 2727–2741, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2727-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2727-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In studies on the relationship between ecosystem functions and climate and plant traits, previously used data-driven methods such as multiple regression and random forest may be inadequate for representing causality due to limitations such as covariance between variables. Based on FLUXNET site data, we used a causal graphical model to revisit the control of climate and vegetation traits over ecosystem functions.
Josué Delgado-Balbuena, Henry W. Loescher, Carlos A. Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Teresa Alfaro-Reyna, Luis F. Pineda-Martínez, Rodrigo Vargas, and Tulio Arredondo
Biogeosciences, 20, 2369–2385, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the semiarid grassland, an increase in soil moisture at shallow depths instantly enhances carbon release through respiration. In contrast, deeper soil water controls plant carbon uptake but with a delay of several days. Previous soil conditions, biological activity, and the size and timing of precipitation are factors that determine the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere. Thus, future changes in precipitation patterns could convert ecosystems from carbon sinks to carbon sources.
German Vargas Gutiérrez, Daniel Pérez-Aviles, Nanette Raczka, Damaris Pereira-Arias, Julián Tijerín-Triviño, L. David Pereira-Arias, David Medvigy, Bonnie G. Waring, Ember Morrisey, Edward Brzostek, and Jennifer S. Powers
Biogeosciences, 20, 2143–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To study whether nutrient availability controls tropical dry forest responses to reductions in soil moisture, we established the first troughfall exclusion experiment in a tropical dry forest plantation system crossed with a fertilization scheme. We found that the effects of fertilization on net primary productivity are larger than the effects of a ~15 % reduction in soil moisture, although in many cases we observed an interaction between drought and nutrient additions, suggesting colimitation.
Alina Lucia Ludat and Simon Kübler
Biogeosciences, 20, 1991–2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1991-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1991-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite-based analysis illustrates the impact of geological processes for the stability of the ecosystem in the Mara River basin (Kenya/Tanzania). Newly detected fault activity influences the course of river networks and modifies erosion–deposition patterns. Tectonic surface features and variations in rock chemistry lead to localized enhancement of clay and soil moisture values and seasonally stabilised vegetation growth patterns in this climatically vulnerable region.
Christian H. Mohr, Michael Dietze, Violeta Tolorza, Erwin Gonzalez, Benjamin Sotomayor, Andres Iroume, Sten Gilfert, and Frieder Tautz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-789, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-789, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal temperate rainforests are underrepresented in the Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) catalogue, despite their outstanding ecological role. Here, we introduce the Pumalín CZO within the Patagonian Rainforest to explore carbon sink functioning, landscape evolution, matter and energy fluxes, and disturbance understanding using environmental seismology. First results highlight the Patagonian rainforest as particularly biomass rich and confirms the suitability of our blend of sensing techniques.
Erica Jaakkola, Antje Gärtner, Anna Maria Jönsson, Karl Ljung, Per-Ola Olsson, and Thomas Holst
Biogeosciences, 20, 803–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Increased spruce bark beetle outbreaks were recently seen in Sweden. When Norway spruce trees are attacked, they increase their production of VOCs, attempting to kill the beetles. We provide new insights into how the Norway spruce act when infested and found the emitted volatiles to increase up to 700 times and saw a change in compound blend. We estimate that the 2020 bark beetle outbreak in Sweden could have increased the total monoterpene emissions from the forest by more than 10 %.
Georg Wohlfahrt, Albin Hammerle, Felix M. Spielmann, Florian Kitz, and Chuixiang Yi
Biogeosciences, 20, 589–596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is taken up by plant leaves in a process very similar to photosynthesis, is thought to be a promising proxy for the gross uptake of carbon dioxide by plants. Here we propose a new framework for estimating a key metric to that end, the so-called leaf relative uptake rate. The values we deduce by applying principles of plant optimality are considerably lower than published values and may help reduce the uncertainty of the global COS budget.
François Jonard, Andrew F. Feldman, Daniel J. Short Gianotti, and Dara Entekhabi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5575–5590, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of light and water limitation in plant function at the ecosystem scale. Using satellite observations, we characterize the nonlinear relationships between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and water and light availability. This study highlights that soil moisture limitations on SIF are found primarily in drier environments, while light limitations are found in intermediately wet regions.
Nikolai Knapp, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Huth
Biogeosciences, 19, 4929–4944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4929-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4929-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The biomass of forests is determined by forest growth and mortality. These quantities can be estimated with different methods such as inventories, remote sensing and modeling. These methods are usually being applied at different spatial scales. The scales influence the obtained frequency distributions of biomass, growth and mortality. This study suggests how to transfer between scales, when using forest models of different complexity for a tropical forest.
Kai Chen, Kevin S. Burgess, Fangliang He, Xiang-Yun Yang, Lian-Ming Gao, and De-Zhu Li
Biogeosciences, 19, 4801–4810, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4801-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Why does plants' distributional range size vary enormously? This study provides evidence that seed mass, intraspecific seed mass variation, seed dispersal mode and phylogeny contribute to explaining species distribution variation on a geographic scale. Our study clearly shows the importance of including seed life-history traits in modeling and predicting the impact of climate change on species distribution of seed plants.
Ying Ying Chen, Huan Yang, Gen Sheng Bao, Xiao Pan Pang, and Zheng Gang Guo
Biogeosciences, 19, 4521–4532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Investigating the effect of the presence of plateau pikas on ecosystem services of alpine meadows is helpful to understand the role of the presence of small mammalian herbivores in grasslands. The results of this study showed that the presence of plateau pikas led to higher biodiversity conservation, soil nitrogen and phosphorus maintenance, and carbon sequestration of alpine meadows, whereas it led to lower forage available to livestock and water conservation of alpine meadows.
Clement Jean Frédéric Delcourt and Sander Veraverbeke
Biogeosciences, 19, 4499–4520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides new equations that can be used to estimate aboveground tree biomass in larch-dominated forests of northeast Siberia. Applying these equations to 53 forest stands in the Republic of Sakha (Russia) resulted in significantly larger biomass stocks than when using existing equations. The data presented in this work can help refine biomass estimates in Siberian boreal forests. This is essential to assess changes in boreal vegetation and carbon dynamics.
Iris Johanna Aalto, Eduardo Eiji Maeda, Janne Heiskanen, Eljas Kullervo Aalto, and Petri Kauko Emil Pellikka
Biogeosciences, 19, 4227–4247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tree canopies are strong moderators of understory climatic conditions. In tropical areas, trees cool down the microclimates. Using remote sensing and field measurements we show how even intermediate canopy cover and agroforestry trees contributed to buffering the hottest temperatures in Kenya. The cooling effect was the greatest during hot days and in lowland areas, where the ambient temperatures were high. Adopting agroforestry practices in the area could assist in mitigating climate change.
Jing Wang and Xuefa Wen
Biogeosciences, 19, 4197–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4197-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4197-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Excess radiation and low temperatures exacerbate drought impacts on canopy conductance (Gs) among transects. The primary determinant of drought stress on Gs was soil moisture on the Loess Plateau (LP) and the Mongolian Plateau (MP), whereas it was the vapor pressure deficit on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Radiation exhibited a negative effect on Gs via drought stress within transects, while temperature had negative effects on stomatal conductance on the TP but no effect on the LP and MP.
Sylvain Monteux, Janine Mariën, and Eveline J. Krab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4089–4105, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4089-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4089-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the feedback from the decomposition of thawing permafrost soils is crucial to establish adequate climate warming mitigation scenarios. Past efforts have focused on abiotic and to some extent microbial drivers of decomposition but not biotic drivers such as soil fauna. We added soil fauna (Collembola Folsomia candida) to permafrost, which introduced bacterial taxa without affecting bacterial communities as a whole but increased CO2 production (+12 %), presumably due to priming.
Mirjam Pfeiffer, Munir P. Hoffmann, Simon Scheiter, William Nelson, Johannes Isselstein, Kingsley Ayisi, Jude J. Odhiambo, and Reimund Rötter
Biogeosciences, 19, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Smallholder farmers face challenges due to poor land management and climate change. We linked the APSIM crop model and the aDGVM2 vegetation model to investigate integrated management options that enhance ecosystem functions and services. Sustainable intensification moderately increased yields. Crop residue grazing reduced feed gaps but not for dry-to-wet season transitions. Measures to improve soil water and nutrient status are recommended. Landscape-level ecosystem management is essential.
Marina Corrêa Scalon, Imma Oliveras Menor, Renata Freitag, Karine S. Peixoto, Sami W. Rifai, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, and Yadvinder Malhi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3649–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated dynamic nutrient flow and demand in a typical savanna and a transition forest to understand how similar soils and the same climate dominated by savanna vegetation can also support forest-like formations. Savanna relied on nutrient resorption from wood, and nutrient demand was equally partitioned between leaves, wood and fine roots. Transition forest relied on resorption from the canopy biomass and nutrient demand was predominantly driven by leaves.
Emma Bousquet, Arnaud Mialon, Nemesio Rodriguez-Fernandez, Stéphane Mermoz, and Yann Kerr
Biogeosciences, 19, 3317–3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3317-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3317-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pre- and post-fire values of four climate variables and four vegetation variables were analysed at the global scale, in order to observe (i) the general fire likelihood factors and (ii) the vegetation recovery trends over various biomes. The main result of this study is that L-band vegetation optical depth (L-VOD) is the most impacted vegetation variable and takes the longest to recover over dense forests. L-VOD could then be useful for post-fire vegetation recovery studies.
Chen Yang, Yue Shi, Wenjuan Sun, Jiangling Zhu, Chengjun Ji, Yuhao Feng, Suhui Ma, Zhaodi Guo, and Jingyun Fang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2989–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2989-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying China's forest biomass C pool is important in understanding C cycling in forests. However, most of studies on forest biomass C pool were limited to the period of 2004–2008. Here, we used a biomass expansion factor method to estimate C pool from 1977 to 2018. The results suggest that afforestation practices, forest growth, and environmental changes were the main drivers of increased C sink. Thus, this study provided an essential basis for achieving China's C neutrality target.
Anne Schucknecht, Bumsuk Seo, Alexander Krämer, Sarah Asam, Clement Atzberger, and Ralf Kiese
Biogeosciences, 19, 2699–2727, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2699-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2699-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Actual maps of grassland traits could improve local farm management and support environmental assessments. We developed, assessed, and applied models to estimate dry biomass and plant nitrogen (N) concentration in pre-Alpine grasslands with drone-based multispectral data and canopy height information. Our results indicate that machine learning algorithms are able to estimate both parameters but reach a better level of performance for biomass.
Ramona J. Heim, Andrey Yurtaev, Anna Bucharova, Wieland Heim, Valeriya Kutskir, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Christian Lampei, Alexandr Pechkin, Dora Schilling, Farid Sulkarnaev, and Norbert Hölzel
Biogeosciences, 19, 2729–2740, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fires will probably increase in Arctic regions due to climate change. Yet, the long-term effects of tundra fires on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and cycling are still unclear. We investigated the long-term fire effects on C and N stocks and cycling in soil and aboveground living biomass.
We found that tundra fires did not affect total C and N stocks because a major part of the stocks was located belowground in soils which were largely unaltered by fire.
Aileen B. Baird, Edward J. Bannister, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Francis D. Pope
Biogeosciences, 19, 2653–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2653-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Forest environments contain a wide variety of airborne biological particles (bioaerosols) important for plant and animal health and biosphere–atmosphere interactions. Using low-cost sensors and a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment, we monitor the impact of enhanced CO2 on airborne particles. No effect of the enhanced CO2 treatment on total particle concentrations was observed, but a potential suppression of high concentration bioaerosol events was detected under enhanced CO2.
Melanie S. Verlinden, Hamada AbdElgawad, Arne Ven, Lore T. Verryckt, Sebastian Wieneke, Ivan A. Janssens, and Sara Vicca
Biogeosciences, 19, 2353–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Zea mays grows in mesocosms with different soil nutrition levels. At low phosphorus (P) availability, leaf physiological activity initially decreased strongly. P stress decreased over the season. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis increased over the season. AMF symbiosis is most likely responsible for gradual reduction in P stress.
Guoyu Lan, Bangqian Chen, Chuan Yang, Rui Sun, Zhixiang Wu, and Xicai Zhang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1995–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1995-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1995-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the impact of rubber plantations on diversity of the Great Mekong Subregion. In this study, we uncovered latitudinal gradients of plant diversity of rubber plantations. Exotic species with high dominance result in loss of plant diversity of rubber plantations. Not all exotic species would reduce plant diversity of rubber plantations. Much more effort should be made to balance agricultural production with conservation goals in this region.
Ulrike Hiltner, Andreas Huth, and Rico Fischer
Biogeosciences, 19, 1891–1911, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying biomass loss rates due to stem mortality is important for estimating the role of tropical forests in the global carbon cycle. We analyse the consequences of long-term elevated stem mortality for tropical forest dynamics and biomass loss. Based on simulations, we developed a statistical model to estimate biomass loss rates of forests in different successional states from forest attributes. Assuming a doubling of tree mortality, biomass loss increased from 3.2 % yr-1 to 4.5 % yr-1.
Jon Cranko Page, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Jamie Cleverly, Nina Hinko-Najera, Mark J. Hovenden, Yao Liu, Andy J. Pitman, and Kiona Ogle
Biogeosciences, 19, 1913–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although vegetation responds to climate at a wide range of timescales, models of the land carbon sink often ignore responses that do not occur instantly. In this study, we explore the timescales at which Australian ecosystems respond to climate. We identified that carbon and water fluxes can be modelled more accurately if we include environmental drivers from up to a year in the past. The importance of antecedent conditions is related to ecosystem aridity but is also influenced by other factors.
Qing Sun, Valentin H. Klaus, Raphaël Wittwer, Yujie Liu, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Anna K. Gilgen, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 19, 1853–1869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1853-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1853-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is one of the biggest challenges for future food production globally. During a simulated drought, pea and barley mainly relied on water from shallow soil depths, independent of different cropping systems.
David Kienle, Anna Walentowitz, Leyla Sungur, Alessandro Chiarucci, Severin D. H. Irl, Anke Jentsch, Ole R. Vetaas, Richard Field, and Carl Beierkuhnlein
Biogeosciences, 19, 1691–1703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1691-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1691-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic islands consist mainly of basaltic rocks. Additionally, there are often occurrences of small phonolite rocks differing in color and surface. On La Palma (Canary Islands), phonolites appear to be more suitable for plants than the omnipresent basalts. Therefore, we expected phonolites to be species-rich with larger plant individuals compared to the surrounding basaltic areas. Indeed, as expected, we found more species on phonolites and larger plant individuals in general.
Vera Porwollik, Susanne Rolinski, Jens Heinke, Werner von Bloh, Sibyll Schaphoff, and Christoph Müller
Biogeosciences, 19, 957–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study assesses impacts of grass cover crop cultivation on cropland during main-crop off-season periods applying the global vegetation model LPJmL (V.5.0-tillage-cc). Compared to simulated bare-soil fallowing practices, cover crops led to increased soil carbon content and reduced nitrogen leaching rates on the majority of global cropland. Yield responses of main crops following cover crops vary with location, duration of altered management, crop type, water regime, and tillage practice.
Tzu-Hsuan Tu, Li-Ling Chen, Yi-Ping Chiu, Li-Hung Lin, Li-Wei Wu, Francesco Italiano, J. Bruce H. Shyu, Seyed Naser Raisossadat, and Pei-Ling Wang
Biogeosciences, 19, 831–843, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-831-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-831-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This investigation of microbial biogeography in terrestrial mud volcanoes (MVs) covers study sites over a geographic distance of up to 10 000 km across the Eurasian continent. It compares microbial community compositions' coupling with geochemical data across a 3D space. We demonstrate that stochastic processes operating at continental scales and environmental filtering at local scales drive the formation of patchy habitats and the pattern of diversification for microbes in terrestrial MVs.
Sami W. Rifai, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Lucas A. Cernusak, Patrick Meir, Belinda E. Medlyn, and Andy J. Pitman
Biogeosciences, 19, 491–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Australia's woody ecosystems have experienced widespread greening despite a warming climate and repeated record-breaking droughts and heat waves. Increasing atmospheric CO2 increases plant water use efficiency, yet quantifying the CO2 effect is complicated due to co-occurring effects of global change. Here we harmonized a 38-year satellite record to separate the effects of climate change, land use change, and disturbance to quantify the CO2 fertilization effect on the greening phenomenon.
Renée Hermans, Rebecca McKenzie, Roxane Andersen, Yit Arn Teh, Neil Cowie, and Jens-Arne Subke
Biogeosciences, 19, 313–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands are a significant global carbon store, which can be compromised by drainage and afforestation. We measured the peat decomposition under a 30-year-old drained forest plantation: 115 ± 16 g C m−2 yr−1, ca. 40 % of total soil respiration. Considering input of litter from trees, our results indicate that the soils in these 30-year-old drained and afforested peatlands are a net sink for C, since substantially more C enters the soil as organic matter than is decomposed heterotrophically.
Kai Tang, Beatriz Sánchez-Parra, Petya Yordanova, Jörn Wehking, Anna T. Backes, Daniel A. Pickersgill, Stefanie Maier, Jean Sciare, Ulrich Pöschl, Bettina Weber, and Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky
Biogeosciences, 19, 71–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-71-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-71-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Metagenomic sequencing and freezing experiments of aerosol samples collected on Cyprus revealed rain-related short-term changes of bioaerosol and ice nuclei composition. Filtration experiments showed a rain-related enhancement of biological ice nuclei > 5 µm and < 0.1 µm. The observed effects of rainfall on the composition of atmospheric bioaerosols and ice nuclei may influence the hydrological cycle as well as the health effects of air particulate matter (pathogens, allergens).
Raquel Fernandes Araujo, Samuel Grubinger, Carlos Henrique Souza Celes, Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez, Milton Garcia, Jonathan P. Dandois, and Helene C. Muller-Landau
Biogeosciences, 18, 6517–6531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6517-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study contributed to improving the understanding of temporal variation and climate correlates of canopy disturbances mainly caused by treefalls and branchfalls. We used a unique dataset of 5 years of approximately monthly drone-acquired RGB (red–green–blue) imagery for 50 ha of mature tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We found that canopy disturbance rates were highly temporally variable, were higher in the wet season, and were related to extreme rainfall events.
Adrian Gustafson, Paul A. Miller, Robert G. Björk, Stefan Olin, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 6329–6347, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6329-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6329-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed model simulations of vegetation change for a historic period and a range of climate change scenarios at a high spatial resolution. Projected treeline advance continued at the same or increased rates compared to our historic simulation. Temperature isotherms advanced faster than treelines, revealing a lag in potential vegetation shifts that was modulated by nitrogen availability. At the year 2100 projected treelines had advanced by 45–195 elevational metres depending on the scenario.
Marc Wehrhan, Daniel Puppe, Danuta Kaczorek, and Michael Sommer
Biogeosciences, 18, 5163–5183, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
UAS remote sensing provides a promising tool for new insights into Si biogeochemistry at catchment scale. Our study on an artificial catchment shows surprisingly high silicon stocks in the biomass of two grass species (C. epigejos, 7 g m−2; P. australis, 27 g m−2). The distribution of initial sediment properties (clay, Tiron-extractable Si, nitrogen, plant-available potassium) controlled the spatial distribution of C. epigejos. Soil wetness determined the occurrence of P. australis.
Vojtěch Abraham, Sheila Hicks, Helena Svobodová-Svitavská, Elissaveta Bozilova, Sampson Panajiotidis, Mariana Filipova-Marinova, Christin Eldegard Jensen, Spassimir Tonkov, Irena Agnieszka Pidek, Joanna Święta-Musznicka, Marcelina Zimny, Eliso Kvavadze, Anna Filbrandt-Czaja, Martina Hättestrand, Nurgül Karlıoğlu Kılıç, Jana Kosenko, Maria Nosova, Elena Severova, Olga Volkova, Margrét Hallsdóttir, Laimdota Kalniņa, Agnieszka M. Noryśkiewicz, Bożena Noryśkiewicz, Heather Pardoe, Areti Christodoulou, Tiiu Koff, Sonia L. Fontana, Teija Alenius, Elisabeth Isaksson, Heikki Seppä, Siim Veski, Anna Pędziszewska, Martin Weiser, and Thomas Giesecke
Biogeosciences, 18, 4511–4534, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4511-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4511-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a continental dataset of pollen accumulation rates (PARs) collected by pollen traps. This absolute measure of pollen rain (grains cm−2 yr−1) has a positive relationship to current vegetation and latitude. Trap and fossil PARs have similar values within one region, so it opens up possibilities for using fossil PARs to reconstruct past changes in plant biomass and primary productivity. The dataset is available in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database.
Polly C. Buotte, Charles D. Koven, Chonggang Xu, Jacquelyn K. Shuman, Michael L. Goulden, Samuel Levis, Jessica Katz, Junyan Ding, Wu Ma, Zachary Robbins, and Lara M. Kueppers
Biogeosciences, 18, 4473–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an approach for ensuring the definitions of plant types in dynamic vegetation models are connected to the underlying ecological processes controlling community composition. Our approach can be applied regionally or globally. Robust resolution of community composition will allow us to use these models to address important questions related to future climate and management effects on plant community composition, structure, carbon storage, and feedbacks within the Earth system.
Cited articles
Aiba, S., Takyu, M., and Kitayama, K.: Dynamics, productivity and species richness of tropical rainforests along elevational and edaphic gradients on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, Ecol. Res., 20, 279–286, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0043-z, 2005.
Alamgira, M., Turtona, S. M., Macgregora, C. J., and Perta, P. L.: Assessing regulating and provisioning ecosystem services in a contrasting tropical forest landscape, Ecol. Indic., 64, 319–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.016, 2016.
Álvarez-Arteaga, G., García Calderón, N. E., Krasilnikov, P., and García-Oliva, F.: Carbon storage in montane cloud forests in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico, Agrociencia, 47, 171–180, 2013.
Aragão, L. E. O. C., Malhi, Y., Metcalfe, D. B., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Jiménez, E., Navarrete, D., Almeida, S., Costa, A. C. L., Salinas, N., Phillips, O. L., Anderson, L. O., Alvarez, E., Baker, T. R., Goncalvez, P. H., Huamán-Ovalle, J., Mamani-Solórzano, M., Meir, P., Monteagudo, A., Patiño, S., Peñuela, M. C., Prieto, A., Quesada, C. A., Rozas-Dávila, A., Rudas, A., Silva Jr., J. A., and Vásquez, R.: Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils, Biogeosciences, 6, 2759–2778, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2759-2009, 2009.
Baker, T. R., Phillips, O. L., Malhi, Y., Almeida, S., Arroyo, L., Di Fiore, A., Erwin, T., Killeen, T. J., Laurance, S. G., Laurance, W. F., Lewis S. L., Llyod, J., Monteagudo, A., Neill, D. A., Patiño, S., Pitman, N. C. A., Silva, J. N. M., and Martinez, R. V.: Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 545–562, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00751.x, 2004.
Banin, L., Feldpausch, T. R., Phillips, O. L., Baker, T. R., Lloyd, J., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arets, E. J. M. M., Berry, N. J., Bradford, M., Brienen, R. J. W., and Davies, S.: What controls tropical forest architecture? Testing environmental, structural and floristic drivers, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 21, 1179–1190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00778.x, 2012.
Bastin, J. F., Barbier, N., Réjou-Méchain, M., Fayolle, A., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Maniatis, D., de Haulleville, T., Baya, F., Beeckman, H., Beina, D., and Couteron, P.: Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees, Sci. Rep., 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13156, 2015.
Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Gardner, T. A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., De Camargo, P. B., Cerri, C. E., Durigan, M., Oliveira, R. C. D., Vieira, I. C. G., and Barlow, J.: A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3713–3726, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12627, 2014.
Birdsey, R. and Pan, Y.: Trends in management of the world's forests and impacts on carbon stocks, Forest Ecol. Manag., 355, 83–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.04.031, 2015.
Bloesch, U., Troupin, G., and Derungs, N.: Les plantes ligneuses du Rwanda: flore, écologie et usage, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany, 2009.
Brown, S. and Lugo, A. E.: Tropical secondary forests, J. Trop. Ecol., 6, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400003989, 1990.
Bruijnzeel, L. A. and Veneklaas, E. J.: Climatic conditions and tropical montane forest productivity: the fog has not lifted yet, Ecology, 79, 3–9, 1998.
Cairns, M. A., Brown, S., Helmer, E. H., and Baumgardner, G. A.: Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests, Oecologia, 111, 1–11, 1997.
Chave, J., Andalo, C., Brown, S., Cairns, M. A., Chambers, J. Q., Eamus, D., Fölster, H., Fromard, F., Higuchi, N., Kira, T., and Lescure, J. P.: Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests, Oecologia, 145, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x, 2005.
Chave, J., Coomes, D., Jansen, S., Lewis, S. L., Swenson, N. G., and Zanne, A. E.: Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum, Ecol. Lett., 12, 351–366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x, 2009.
Chave, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Búrquez, A., Chidumayo, E., Colgan, M. S., Delitti, W. B., Duque, A., Eid, T., Fearnside, P. M., Goodman, R. C., and Henry, M.: Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3177–3190, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12629, 2014.
Chokkalingam, U. and de Jong, W.: Secondary forest: a working definition and typology, Int. Forest Rev., 3, 19–26, 2001.
Cizungu, L., Staelens, J., Huygens, D., Walangululu, J., Muhindo, D., Van Cleemput, O., and Boeckx, P.: Litterfall and leaf litter decomposition in a central African tropical mountain forest and Eucalyptus plantation, Forest Ecol. Manag., 326, 109–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.015, 2014.
Clark, D. A., Brown, S., Kicklighter, D. W., Chambers, J. Q., Thomlinson, J. R., Ni, J., and Holland, E. A.: Net primary production in tropical forests: an evaluation and synthesis of existing field data, Ecol. Appl., 11, 371–384, 2001.
Culmsee, H., Leuschner, C., Moser, G., and Pitopang, R.: Forest aboveground biomass along an elevational transect in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the role of Fagaceae in tropical montane rain forests, J. Biogeogr., 37, 960–974, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02269.x, 2010.
Costanza, R., d'Arge R., de Groot, R., Farber,S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Suttonk, P., and van den Belt, M.: The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, 387, 253–260, 1997.
Delaney, M., Brown, S., Lugo, A. E., Torres-Lezama, A., and Bello Quintero, N.: The distribution of organic carbon in major components of forests located in five life zones of Venezuela, J. Trop. Ecol., 13, 697–708, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400010877, 1997.
Delaney, M., Brown, S., Lugo, A. E., Torres-Lezama, A., and Bello Quintero, N.: The quantity and turnover of dead wood in permanent forest plots in six life zones of Venezuela, Biotropica, 30, 2–11, 1998.
Dossa, G. G. O., Paudel, E., Fujinuma, J., Yu, H., Chutipong, W., Zhang, Y., Paz, S., and Harrison, R. D.: Factors determining forest diversity and biomass on a tropical volcano, Mt. Rinjani, Lombok, Indonesia, PLoS ONE, 8, e67720, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067720, 2013.
Doughty, C. E., Metcalfe, D. B., da Costa, M. C., de Oliveira, A. A., Neto, G. F. C., Silva, J. A., Aragão, L. E., Almeida, S. S., Quesada, C. A., Girardin, C. A. J., and Halladay, K.: The production, allocation and cycling of carbon in a forest on fertile terra preta soil in eastern Amazonia compared with a forest on adjacent infertile soil, Plant Ecol. Divers., 7, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.798367, 2014.
Edwards, P. J. and Grubb, P. J.: Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea, I. The distribution of organic matter in the vegetation and soil, J. Ecol., 65, 943–969, 1977.
Ensslin, A., Rutten, G., Pommer, U., Zimmermann, R., Hemp, A., and Fischer, M.: Effects of elevation and land use on the biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs at Mount Kilimanjaro, Ecosphere, 6, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00492.1, 2015.
FAO: Global forest resources assessment 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2010.
Fashing, P. J., Mulindahabi, F., Gakima, J. B., Masozera, M., Mununura, I., Plumptre, A. J., and Nguyen, N.: Activity and ranging patterns of Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii in Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda: possible costs of large group size, Int. J. Primatol., 28, 529–550, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-006-9095-3, 2007.
Fehse, J., Hofstede, R., Aguirre, N., Paladines, C., Kooijman, A., and Sevink, J.: High altitude tropical secondary forests: a competitive carbon sink?, Forest Ecol. Manag., 163, 9–25, 2002.
Feintrenie L.: Agro-industrial plantations in Central Africa, risks and opportunities, Biodivers Conserv., 23, 1577–1589, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0687-5, 2014.
Feldpausch, T. R., Banin, L., Phillips, O. L., Baker, T. R., Lewis, S. L., Quesada, C. A., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arets, E. J. M. M., Berry, N. J., Bird, M., Brondizio, E. S., de Camargo, P., Chave, J., Djagbletey, G., Domingues, T. F., Drescher, M., Fearnside, P. M., França, M. B., Fyllas, N. M., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Hladik, A., Higuchi, N., Hunter, M. O., Iida, Y., Salim, K. A., Kassim, A. R., Keller, M., Kemp, J., King, D. A., Lovett, J. C., Marimon, B. S., Marimon-Junior, B. H., Lenza, E., Marshall, A. R., Metcalfe, D. J., Mitchard, E. T. A., Moran, E. F., Nelson, B. W., Nilus, R., Nogueira, E. M., Palace, M., Patiño, S., Peh, K. S.-H., Raventos, M. T., Reitsma, J. M., Saiz, G., Schrodt, F., Sonké, B., Taedoumg, H. E., Tan, S., White, L., Wöll, H., and Lloyd, J.: Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees, Biogeosciences, 8, 1081–1106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1081-2011, 2011.
Fischer, E. and Killmann, D.: Illustrated field guide to the plants of Nyungwe National Park Rwanda, Koblenz Geographical Colloquia, Series Biogeographical Monographs, Oberreifenberg, Germany, 2008.
Gharahi Ghehi, N. G., Werner, C., Hufkens, K., Kiese, R., Van Ranst, E., Nsabimana, D., Wallin, G., Klemedtsson, L., Butterbach-Bahl, K., and Boeckx, P.: N2O and NO emission from the Nyungwe tropical highland rainforest in Rwanda, Geoderma Regional, 2, 41–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2014.09.008, 2014.
Gibbs, H. K., Brown, S., Niles, J. O., and Foley, J. A.: Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality, Environ. Res. Lett., 2, 045023, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045023, 2007.
Girardin, C. A. J., Malhi, Y., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Mamani, M., Huaraca Huasco, W., Durand, L., Feeley, K. J., Rapp, J., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Silman, M., and Salinas, N.: Net primary productivity allocation and cycling of carbon along a tropical forest elevational transect in the Peruvian Andes, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 3176–3192, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02235.x, 2010.
Girardin, C. A. J., Espejob, J. E. S. , Doughty, C. E., Huasco, W. H., Metcalfe, D. B., Durand-Baca, L., Marthews, T. R., Aragão, L. E., Farfán-Rios, W., García-Cabrera, K., and Halladay, K.: Productivity and carbon allocation in a tropical montane cloud forest in the Peruvian Andes, Plant Ecol. Divers., 7, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.820222, 2014a.
Girardin, C. A. J., Farfan-Rios, W., Garcia, K., Feeley, K. J., Jørgensen, P. M., Murakami, A. A., Cayola Pérez, L., Seidel, R., Paniagua, N., Fuentes Claros, A. F., and Maldonado, C.: Spatial patterns of above-ground structure, biomass and composition in a network of six Andean elevation transects, Plant Ecol. Divers., 7, 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.820806, 2014b.
Grimm, U. and Fassbender, H. W.: Ciclos bioquímicos en un ecosistema forestal de los Andes Occidentales de Venezuela, I. Inventario de las reservas organicas y minerales (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, Na), Turrialba, 31, 27–37, 1981.
Gross-Camp, N. D., Martin, A., McGuire, S., Kebede, B., and Munyarukaza, J.: Payments for ecosystem services in an African protected area: exploring issues of legitimacy, fairness, equity and effectiveness, Oryx, 46, 24–33, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605311001372, 2012.
Gustafsson, M., Gustafsson, L., Alloysius, D., Falck, J., Yap, S., Karlsson, A., and Ilstedt, U.: Life history traits predict the response to increased light among 33 tropical rainforest tree species, Forest Ecol. Manag., 362, 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.017, 2016.
Hemp, A.: Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Plant Ecol., 184, 27–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-9049-4, 2006.
Hertel, D., Moser, G., Culmsee, H., Erasmi, S., Horna, V., Schuldt, B., and Leuschner, Ch.: Below- and above-ground biomass and net primary production in a paleotropical natural forest (Sulawesi, Indonesia) as compared to neotropical forests, Forest Ecol. Manag., 258, 1904–1912, 2009.
Huasco, W. H., Girardin, C. A. J., Doughty, C. E., Metcalfe, D. B., Baca, L. D., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Cabrera, D. G., Aragão, L. E., Davila, A. R., Marthews, T. R., and Huaraca-Quispe, L. P.: Seasonal production, allocation and cycling of carbon in two mid-elevation tropical montane forest plots in the Peruvian Andes, Plant Ecol. Divers., 7, 125–142, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.819042, 2014.
Jara, M. C., Henry, M., Réjou-Méchain, M., Wayson, C., Zapata-Cuartas, M., Piotto, D., Guier, F. A., Lombis, H. C., López, E. C., Lara, R. C., and Rojas, K. C.: Guidelines for documenting and reporting tree allometric equations, Ann. Forest Sci., 72, 763–768, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0415-z, 2015.
Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B.: The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation, Ecol. Appl., 10, 423–436, 2000.
Kearsley, E., de Haulleville, T., Hufkens, K., Kidimbu, A., Toirambe, B., Baert, G., Huygens, D., Kebede, Y., Defourny, P., Bogaert, J., and Beeckman, H.: Conventional tree height-diameter relationships significantly overestimate aboveground carbon stocks in the Central Congo Basin, Nat. Commun., 4, 2269, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3269, 2013.
Keeling, H. C., Baker, T. R., Martinez, R. V., Monteagudo, A., and Phillips, O. L.: Contrasting patterns of diameter and biomass increment across tree functional groups in Amazonian forests, Oecologia, 158, 521–534, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3269, 2008.
Kessler, M., Hertel, D., Jungkunst, H. F., Kluge, J., Abrahamczyk, S., Bos, M., Buchori, D., Gerold, G., Gradstein, S. R., Köhler, S., Leuschner, C., Moser, G., Pitopang, R., Saleh, S., Schulze, C. H., Sporn, S. G., Steffen-Dewenter, I., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. S., and Tscharntke, T.: Can joint carbon and biodiversity management in tropical agroforestry landscapes be optimized?, PLoS ONE, 7, e47192, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047192, 2012.
Ketterings, Q. M., Coe, R., van Noordwijk, M., and Palm, C. A.: Reducing uncertainty in the use of allometric biomass equations for predicting above-ground tree biomass in mixed secondary forests, Forest Ecol. Manag., 146, 199–209, 2001.
Kindt, R., van Breugel, P., Lillesö J.-P. B., Minani, V., Ruffo, C. K., Gapsi J., Jamnadass, R., and Graudal L.: Potential natural vegetation of eastern Africa, Volume 9, Atlas and tree species composition for Rwanda, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Mangement, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2014.
King, D. A.: Allometry and life history of tropical trees, J. Trop. Ecol., 12, 25–44, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400009299, 1996.
Kitayama, K. and Aiba S.: Ecosystem structure and productivity of tropical rain forests along altitudinal gradients with contrasting soil phosphorus pools on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, J. Ecol., 90, 37–51, 2002.
Lawton, R. O.: Ecological Constraints on Wood Density in a Tropical Montane Rain Forest, Am. J. Bot., 71, 261–267,1984.
Leuschner, C., Moser, G., Bertsch, C., Roderstein, M., and Hertel, D.: Large altitudinal increase in tree root/shoot ratio in tropical mountain forests of Ecuador, Basic Appl. Ecol., 8, 219–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2006.02.004, 2007.
Lewis, S. L., Phillips, O. L., Sheil, D., Vinceti, B., Baker, T. R., Brown, S., Graham, A. W., Higuchi, N., Hilbert, D. W., Laurance, W. F., and Lejoly, J.: Tropical forest tree mortality, recruitment and turnover rates: calculation, interpretation and comparison when census intervals vary, J. Ecol., 92, 929–944, 2004.
Lewis, S. L., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Sonké, B., Affum-Baffoe, K., Baker, T. R., Ojo, L. O., Phillips, O. L., Reitsma, J. M., White, L., Comiskey, J. A., Djuikouo K, M.-N., Ewango, C. E. N., Feldpausch, T. R., Hamilton, A. C., Gloor, M., Hart, T., Hladik, A., Lloyd, J., Lovett, J. C., Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Y., Mbago, F. M., Ndangalasi, H. J., Peacock, J., Peh, K. S.-H., Sheil, D., Sunderland, T., Swaine, M. D., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Thomas, S. C., Votere, R., and Wöll, H.: Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests, Nature, 457, 1003–1006, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07771, 2009.
Lewis, S. L., Sonké, B., Sunderland, T., Begne, S. K., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Van Der Heijden, G. M., Phillips, O. L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Baker, T. R., Banin, L., and Bastin, J. F.: Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 20120295, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0295, 2013.
Lewis, S. L., Edwards, D. P., and Galbraith, D.: Increasing human dominance of tropical forests, Science, 349, 827–832, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9932, 2015.
Lieberman, D., Lieberman, M., Peralta, R., and Hartshorn, G. S.: Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica, J. Ecol., 84, 137–152, 1996.
Liebsch, D., Marques M. C. M., and Goldenberg, R.: How long does the Atlantic Rain Forest take to recover after a disturbance? Changes in species composition and ecological features during secondary succession, Biol. Conserv., 141, 1717–1725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.013, 2008.
Malhi, Y., Doughty, C., and Galbraith, D.: The allocation of ecosystem net primary productivity in tropical forests, Philos. T. R. Soc. B., 366, 3225–3245, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0062, 2011.
Malhi, Y., Adu-Bredu, S., Asare, R. A., Lewis, S. L., and Mayaux, P.: The past, present and future of Africa's rainforests, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 20120293, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0293, 2013a.
Malhi, Y., Adu-Bredu, S., Asare, R. A., Lewis, S. L., and Mayaux, P.: African rainforests: past, present and future, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 20120312, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0312, 2013b.
Malhi, Y., Farfán Amézquita, F., Doughty, C. E., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Girardin, C. A. J., Metcalfe, D. B., Aragão, L. E., Huaraca-Quispe, L. P., Alzamora-Taype, I., Eguiluz-Mora, L., and Marthews, T. R.: The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of two lowland tropical forest plots in south-western Amazonia, Peru, Plant Ecol. Divers., 7, 85–105, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.820805, 2014a.
Malhi, Y., Gardner, T. A., Goldsmith, G. R., Silman, M. R., and Zelazowski, P.: Tropical forests in the Anthropocene, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 39, 125–159, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141, 2014b.
Malhi, Y., Moore, S., and Riutta, T.: Forest carbon budgets and climate change, in: Routledge Handbook of Forest ecology, edited by: Peh, K., Cortlett, R., and Bergeron, Y., Routledge, Oxford, UK, 517–526, 2015.
Martin, A. R. and Thomas, S. C.: A reassessment of carbon content in tropical trees, PLoS ONE, 6, 23533, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023533, 2011.
Martin, P. A., Newton, A., and Bullock, J. M.: Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 280, 20132236, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2236, 2013.
Martínez, M. L., Pérez-Maqueo, O., Vázquez, G., Castillo-Campos, G., García-Franco, J., Mehltreter, K., Equihua, M., and Landgrave, R.: Effects of land use change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical montane cloud forests of Mexico, Forest Ecol. Manag., 258, 1856–1863, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.023, 2009.
Masozera, M. K. and Alavalapati, J. R.: Forest dependency and its implications for protected areas management: a case study from the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda, Scand. J. For. Res., 19, 85–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/14004080410034164, 2004.
Masozera, M. K., Alavalapati, J. R., Jacobson, S. K., and Shrestha, R. K.: Assessing the suitability of community-based management for the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda, For. Policy Econ., 8, 206–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2004.08.001, 2006.
Metcalf, C. J. E., Clark, J. S., and Clark, D. A.: Tree growth inference and prediction when the point of measurement changes: modelling around buttresses in tropical forests, J. Trop. Ecol., 25, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467408005646, 2009.
Metcalfe, D. B., Williams, M., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Da Costa, A. C. L., De Almeida, S. S., Braga, A. P., Gonçalves, P. H. L., De Athaydes, J., Junior, S., Malhi, Y., and Meir, P.: A method for extracting plant roots from soil which facilitates rapid sample processing without compromising measurement accuracy, New Phytol., 174, 697–703, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02032.x, 2007.
Moser, G., Leuschner, C., Hertel, D., Graefe, S., Soethe, N., and Iost, S.: Elevation effects on the carbon budget of tropical mountain forests (S Ecuador): the role of the belowground compartment, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 2211–2226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02367.x, 2011.
Muller-Landau, H. C.: Interspecific and inter-site variation in wood specific gravity of tropical trees, Biotropica, 36, 20–32, 2004.
Ndayisabye, I.: Biomass and diversity of understory vegetation in Nyungwe montane rain forest, Bachelor thesis, University of Rwanda, Rwanda, 2014.
Ngomanda, A., Mavouroulou, Q. M., Obiang, N. L. E., Iponga, D. M., Mavoungou, J. F., Lépengué, N., Picard, N., and Mbatchi, B.: Derivation of diameter measurements for buttressed trees, an example from Gabon, J. Trop. Ecol., 28, 299–302, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467412000144, 2012.
Noormets, A., Epron, D., Domec, J. C., McNulty, S. G., Fox, T., Sun, G., and King, J. S.: Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: A review and hypothesis, Forest Ecol. Manag., 355, 124–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.019, 2015.
Nsabimana, D.: Carbon stock and fluxes in Nyungwe forest and Ruhande Arboretum in Rwanda, PhD thesis, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2009.
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., and Ciais, P.: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests, Science, 333, 988–993, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609, 2011.
Peña-Claros, M.: Changes in Forest Structure and Species Composition during Secondary Forest Succession in the Bolivian Amazon, Biotropica, 35, 450–461, 2003.
Phillips, O. L., Malhi, Y., Higuchi, N., Laurance, W. F., Núñez, P. V., Vásquez, R. M., Laurance, S. G., Ferreira, L. V., Stern, M., Brown, S., and Grace J.: Changes in the Carbon Balance of Tropical Forests: Evidence from Long-Term Plots, Science, 282, 439–442, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5388.439, 1998.
Plumptre, A. J., Masozera, M., Fashing, P. J., McNeilage, A., Ewango, C., Kaplin, B. A., and Liengola, I.: Biodiversity Surveys of the Nyungwe Forest of Southwest Rwanda, Working paper 19, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA, 2002.
Plumptre, A. J., Davenport, T. R., Behangana, M., Kityo, R., Eilu, G., Ssegawa, P., Ewango, C., Meirte, D., Kahindo, C., Herremans, M., and Peterhans, J. K.: The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift, Biol. Cons., 134, 178–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021, 2007.
Poorter, L., Wright, S. J., Paz, H., Ackerly, D. D., Condit, R., Ibarra-Manríquez, G., Harms, K. E., Licona, J. C., Martínez-Ramos, M., Mazer, S. J., and Muller-Landau, H. C.: Are functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? Evidence from five neotropical forests, Ecology, 89, 1908–1920, 2008.
Poorter, L., McDonald, I., Alarcón, A., Fichtler, E., Licona, J. C., Peña-Claros, M., Sterck, F., Villegas, Z., and Sass-Klaassen, U.: The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species, New Phytol., 185, 481–492, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03092.x, 2010.
Quesada, C. A., Lloyd, J., Schwarz, M., Patiño, S., Baker, T. R., Czimczik, C., Fyllas, N. M., Martinelli, L., Nardoto, G. B., Schmerler, J., Santos, A. J. B., Hodnett, M. G., Herrera, R., Luizão, F. J., Arneth, A., Lloyd, G., Dezzeo, N., Hilke, I., Kuhlmann, I., Raessler, M., Brand, W. A., Geilmann, H., Moraes Filho, J. O., Carvalho, F. P., Araujo Filho, R. N., Chaves, J. E., Cruz Junior, O. F., Pimentel, T. P., and Paiva, R.: Variations in chemical and physical properties of Amazon forest soils in relation to their genesis, Biogeosciences, 7, 1515–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1515-2010, 2010.
Roman, L., Scatena, F. N.m and Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Global and local variatiobns in tropical montane cloud forest soils, in: Tropical montane cloud forests: Science for conservation and management, edited by: Bruijnzeel, L. A., Scatena F. N., and Hamilton, L. S., Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 77–89, 2011.
Reich, P. B.: The world-wide “fast–slow” plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto, J. Ecol., 102, 275–301, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12211, 2014.
Rutten, G., Ensslin, A., Hemp, A., and Fischer, M.: Vertical and Horizontal Vegetation Structure across Natural and Modified Habitat Types at Mount Kilimanjaro, PLoS ONE, 10, e0138822, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138822, 2015a.
Rutten, G., Ensslin, A., Hemp, A., and Fischer, M.: Forest structure and composition of previously selectively logged and non-logged montane forests at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Forest Ecol. Manag., 337, 61–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.036, 2015b.
Saugier, B., Roy, J., and Mooney, H. A.: Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: Converging toward a single number?, in: Terrestrial global productivity: past, present, and future, edited by: Roy, J., Saugier, B., and Mooney, H. A., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 543–557, 2001.
Sawada, Y., Aiba, S., Seino, T., and Kitayama, K.: Size structure, growth and regeneration of tropical conifers along a soil gradient related to altitude and geological substrates on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, Plant Soil, 403, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2722-z, 2016.
Scatena, F. N., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Bubb, P., and Das, S.: Setting the stage, in: Tropical montane cloud forests: Science for conservation and management, edited by: Bruijnzeel, L. A., Scatena, F. N., and Hamilton, L. S., Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 3–13, 2011.
Sheil, D. and May, R. M.: Mortality and recruitment rate evaluations in heterogeneous tropical forests, J. Ecol., 84, 91–100, 1996.
Sierra, C. A., Del Valle, J. I., and Orrego, S. A.: Accounting for fine root mass sample losses in the washing process: a case study from a tropical montane forest of Colombia, J. Trop. Ecol., 19, 599–601, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467403003663, 2003.
Sierra, C. A., Del Valle, J. I., and Restrepo, H. I.: Total carbon accumulation in a tropical forest landscape, Carbon Balance Manag., 7, 12, https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-7-12, 2012.
Slik, J. W. F., Aiba, S., Brearley, F. Q., Cannon, C. H., Forshed, O., Kitayama, K., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Payne, J., Paoli, G., Poulsen, A. D., Raes, N., Sheil, D., Sidiyasa, K., Suzuki, E., and van Valkenburg, J. L. C. H.: Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo's tropical forests, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 19, 50–60, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00489.x, 2010.
Slik, J. W. F., Paoli, G., McGuire, K., Amara, I., Barroso, J., Bastian, M., Blanc, L., Bongers, F., Boundja, P., Clark, C., Collins, M., Dauby, G., Ding, Y., Doucet, J.-L., Eler, E., Ferreira, L., Forshed, O., Fredriksson, G., Gillet, J.-F., Harris, D., Leal, M., Laumonier, Y., Malhi, Y., Mansor, A., Martin, E., Miyamoto, K., Nagamasu, A. A.-M., H., Nilus, R., Nurtjahya, E., Oliveira, A., Onrizal, O., Parada-Gutierrez, A., Permana, A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Sheil, D., Silva-Espejo, J., Silveira, M., Spironelo, W., ter Steege, H., Stevart, T., Navarro-Aguilar, G. E., Sunderland, T., Suzuki, E., Tang, J., Theilade, I., van der Heijden, G., van Valkenburg, J., Van Do, T., Vilanova, E., Vos, V., Wich, S., Wöll, H., Yoneda, T., Zang, R., Zhang, M.-G., and Zweifel, N.: Large trees drive forest aboveground biomass variation in moist lowland forests across the tropics, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 22, 1261–1271, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12092, 2013.
Spracklen, D. V. and Righelato, R.: Carbon storage and sequestration in tropical montane forests of southern Ecuador, World Land Trust, Halesworth, Suffolk, UK, 2005.
Spracklen, D. V. and Righelato, R.: Tropical montane forests are a larger than expected global carbon store, Biogeosciences, 11, 2741–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2741-2014, 2014.
Spracklen, D. V. and Righelato, R.: Carbon storage and sequestration of re-growing montane forests in southern Ecuador, Forest Ecol. Manag., 364, 139–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.001, 2016.
Swaine, M. D. and Whitmore, T. C.: On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests, Vegetatio, 75, 81–86, 1988.
Tesfaye, G., Teketay, D., and Fetene, M.: Regeneration of fourteen tree species in Harenna forest, southeastern Ethiopia, Flora, 197, 461–474, 2002.
Unger, M., Homeier, J., and Leuschner, C.: Effects of soil chemistry on tropical forest biomass and productivity at different elevations in the equatorial Andes, Oecologia, 170, 263–274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2295-y, 2012.
Woodall, C. W., Russell, M. B., Walters, B. F., D'Amato, A. W., Zhu, K., and Saatchi, S. S.: Forest production dynamics along a wood density spectrum in eastern US forests, Trees, 29, 299–310, 2015.
Zanne, A. E., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Coomes, D. A., Ilic, J., Jansen, S., Lewis, S.L., Miller, R. B., Swenson, N. G., Wiemann, M. C., and Chave, J.: Data from: Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum, Dryad Digital Repository, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234, 2009.
Short summary
We investigated the carbon (C) stock and net primary production (NPP) of early (ES) and late successional (LS) forest stands in a tropical montane forest (TMF) in Africa. The total C stock was 35% larger in LS compared to ES stands due to larger tree biomass, while NPP was similar. The results highlight the importance of accounting for disturbance regimes and differences in wood density and allometry between ES and LS tree species when quantifying C stock and sink strength of TMF.
We investigated the carbon (C) stock and net primary production (NPP) of early (ES) and late...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint