Articles | Volume 11, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3941-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3941-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| Highlight paper
| 
29 Jul 2014
Reviews and syntheses | Highlight paper |
| 29 Jul 2014
Ecosystem function and services provided by the deep sea
A. R. Thurber
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
A. K. Sweetman
International Research Institute of Stavanger, Randaberg, Norway
B. E. Narayanaswamy
Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
D. O. B. Jones
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
J. Ingels
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
R. L. Hansman
Department of Limnology and Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Related authors
No articles found.
Charitha Pattiaratchi, Mirjam van der Mheen, Cathleen Schlundt, Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy, Appalanaidu Sura, Sara Hajbane, Rachel White, Nimit Kumar, Michelle Fernandes, and Sarath Wijeratne
Ocean Sci., 18, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Indian Ocean receives a large proportion of plastics, but very few studies have addressed the sources, transport pathways, and sinks. There is a scarcity of observational data for the Indian Ocean. Most plastic sources are derived from rivers, although the amount derived from fishing activity (ghost nets, discarded ropes) is unknown. The unique topographic features of the Indian Ocean that create the monsoons and reversing currents have a large influence on the transport and sinks.
Matthew C. Pace, David M. Bailey, David W. Donnan, Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy, Hazel J. Smith, Douglas C. Speirs, William R. Turrell, and Michael R. Heath
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5847–5866, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5847-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5847-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present synthetic maps of continuous properties of seabed sediments in the Firth of Clyde, SW Scotland. The data include proportions of mud, sand, and gravel fractions; whole-sediment median grain size; permeability; porosity; organic carbon and nitrogen content; and rates of natural disturbance by tidal currents. We show that the firth stores 3.42 and 0.33 million tonnes of organic carbon and nitrogen, respectively, in the upper 10 cm of sediment.
Timm Schoening, Autun Purser, Daniel Langenkämper, Inken Suck, James Taylor, Daphne Cuvelier, Lidia Lins, Erik Simon-Lledó, Yann Marcon, Daniel O. B. Jones, Tim Nattkemper, Kevin Köser, Martin Zurowietz, Jens Greinert, and Jose Gomes-Pereira
Biogeosciences, 17, 3115–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor imaging is widely used in marine science and industry to explore and monitor areas of interest. The selection of the most appropriate imaging gear and deployment strategy depends on the target application. This paper compares imaging platforms like autonomous vehicles or towed camera frames and different deployment strategies of those in assessing the megafauna abundance of polymetallic-nodule fields. The deep-sea mining industry needs that information for robust impact monitoring.
Tanja Stratmann, Lidia Lins, Autun Purser, Yann Marcon, Clara F. Rodrigues, Ascensão Ravara, Marina R. Cunha, Erik Simon-Lledó, Daniel O. B. Jones, Andrew K. Sweetman, Kevin Köser, and Dick van Oevelen
Biogeosciences, 15, 4131–4145, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4131-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4131-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Extraction of polymetallic nodules will have negative impacts on the deep-sea ecosystem, but it is not known whether the ecosystem is able to recover from them. Therefore, in 1989 a sediment disturbance experiment was conducted in the Peru Basin to mimic deep-sea mining. Subsequently, the experimental site was re-visited 5 times to monitor the recovery of fauna. We developed food-web models for all 5 time steps and found that, even after 26 years, carbon flow in the system differs significantly.
M. Gehlen, R. Séférian, D. O. B. Jones, T. Roy, R. Roth, J. Barry, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, J. P. Dunne, C. Heinze, F. Joos, J. C. Orr, L. Resplandy, J. Segschneider, and J. Tjiputra
Biogeosciences, 11, 6955–6967, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6955-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6955-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates potential impacts of pH reductions on North Atlantic deep-sea ecosystems in response to latest IPCC scenarios.Multi-model projections of pH changes over the seafloor are analysed with reference to a critical threshold based on palaeo-oceanographic studies, contemporary observations and model results. By 2100 under the most severe IPCC CO2 scenario, pH reductions occur over ~23% of deep-sea canyons and ~8% of seamounts – including seamounts proposed as marine protected areas.
J. Ingels and A. Vanreusel
Biogeosciences, 10, 4547–4563, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4547-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4547-2013, 2013
N. Serpetti, E. Gontikaki, B. E. Narayanaswamy, and U. Witte
Biogeosciences, 10, 3705–3714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3705-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3705-2013, 2013
A. J. Chivers, B. E. Narayanaswamy, P. A. Lamont, A. Dale, and R. Turnewitsch
Biogeosciences, 10, 3535–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3535-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3535-2013, 2013
E. Pape, T. N. Bezerra, D. O. B. Jones, and A. Vanreusel
Biogeosciences, 10, 3127–3143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3127-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3127-2013, 2013
T. Morato, K. Ø. Kvile, G. H. Taranto, F. Tempera, B. E. Narayanaswamy, D. Hebbeln, G. M. Menezes, C. Wienberg, R. S. Santos, and T. J. Pitcher
Biogeosciences, 10, 3039–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Marine
Spawner weight and ocean temperature drive Allee effect dynamics in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: inherent and emergent density regulation
Bacterioplankton dark CO2 fixation in oligotrophic waters
The bottom mixed layer depth as an indicator of subsurface Chlorophyll a distribution
Ideas and perspectives: The fluctuating nature of oxygen shapes the ecology of aquatic habitats and their biogeochemical cycles – the aquatic oxyscape
Impact of deoxygenation and warming on global marine species in the 21st century
Ecological divergence of a mesocosm in an eastern boundary upwelling system assessed with multi-marker environmental DNA metabarcoding
Unique benthic foraminiferal communities (stained) in diverse environments of sub-Antarctic fjords, South Georgia
Upwelled plankton community modulates surface bloom succession and nutrient availability in a natural plankton assemblage
First phytoplankton community assessment of the Kong Håkon VII Hav, Southern Ocean, during austral autumn
Early life stages of a Mediterranean coral are vulnerable to ocean warming and acidification
Mediterranean seagrasses as carbon sinks: methodological and regional differences
Contrasting vertical distributions of recent planktic foraminifera off Indonesia during the southeast monsoon: implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions
The onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the coastal North Sea supports the Disturbance Recovery Hypothesis
Species richness and functional attributes of fish assemblages across a large-scale salinity gradient in shallow coastal areas
Modeling the growth and sporulation dynamics of the macroalga Ulva in mixed-age populations in cultivation and the formation of green tides
Spatial changes in community composition and food web structure of mesozooplankton across the Adriatic basin (Mediterranean Sea)
Predicting mangrove forest dynamics across a soil salinity gradient using an individual-based vegetation model linked with plant hydraulics
Will daytime community calcification reflect reef accretion on future, degraded coral reefs?
Modeling polar marine ecosystem functions guided by bacterial physiological and taxonomic traits
Quantifying functional consequences of habitat degradation on a Caribbean coral reef
Enhanced chlorophyll-a concentration in the wake of Sable Island, eastern Canada, revealed by two decades of satellite observations: a response to grey seal population dynamics?
Population dynamics and reproduction strategies of planktonic foraminifera in the open ocean
The Bouraké semi-enclosed lagoon (New Caledonia) – a natural laboratory to study the lifelong adaptation of a coral reef ecosystem to extreme environmental conditions
Atypical, high-diversity assemblages of foraminifera in a mangrove estuary in northern Brazil
Permanent ectoplasmic structures in deep-sea Cibicides and Cibicidoides taxa – long-term observations at in situ pressure
Ideas and perspectives: Ushering the Indian Ocean into the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (UNDOSSD) through marine ecosystem research and operational services – an early career's take
Persistent effects of sand extraction on habitats and associated benthic communities in the German Bight
Spatial patterns of ectoenzymatic kinetics in relation to biogeochemical properties in the Mediterranean Sea and the concentration of the fluorogenic substrate used
A 2-decade (1988–2009) record of diatom fluxes in the Mauritanian coastal upwelling: impact of low-frequency forcing and a two-step shift in the species composition
Review and syntheses: Impacts of turbidity flows on deep-sea benthic communities
Ideas and perspectives: When ocean acidification experiments are not the same, repeatability is not tested
The effect of the salinity, light regime and food source on carbon and nitrogen uptake in a benthic foraminifer
Changes in population depth distribution and oxygen stratification are involved in the current low condition of the eastern Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua)
Effects of spatial variability on the exposure of fish to hypoxia: a modeling analysis for the Gulf of Mexico
Plant genotype determines biomass response to flooding frequency in tidal wetlands
Factors controlling the competition between Phaeocystis and diatoms in the Southern Ocean and implications for carbon export fluxes
Characterization of particle-associated and free-living bacterial and archaeal communities along the water columns of the South China Sea
Adult life strategy affects distribution patterns in abyssal isopods – implications for conservation in Pacific nodule areas
Diversity and distribution of nitrogen fixation genes in the oxygen minimum zones of the world oceans
Structure and function of epipelagic mesozooplankton and their response to dust deposition events during the spring PEACETIME cruise in the Mediterranean Sea
Distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the subtropical South Atlantic: depth hierarchy of controlling factors
Technical note: Estimating light-use efficiency of benthic habitats using underwater O2 eddy covariance
Ocean acidification reduces growth and grazing impact of Antarctic heterotrophic nanoflagellates
Dynamics of environmental conditions during the decline of a Cymodocea nodosa meadow
Megafauna community assessment of polymetallic-nodule fields with cameras: platform and methodology comparison
A meta-analysis on environmental drivers of marine phytoplankton C : N : P
Spatial and temporal variability in the response of phytoplankton and prokaryotes to B-vitamin amendments in an upwelling system
Biogeography and community structure of abyssal scavenging Amphipoda (Crustacea) in the Pacific Ocean
Are seamounts refuge areas for fauna from polymetallic nodule fields?
Ocean deoxygenation and copepods: coping with oxygen minimum zone variability
Anna-Marie Winter, Nadezda Vasilyeva, and Artem Vladimirov
Biogeosciences, 20, 3683–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There is an increasing number of fish in poor state, and many do not recover, even when fishing pressure is ceased. An Allee effect can hinder population recovery because it suppresses the fish's productivity at low abundance. With a model fitted to 17 Atlantic cod stocks, we find that ocean warming and fishing can cause an Allee effect. If present, the Allee effect hinders fish recovery. This shows that Allee effects are dynamic, not uncommon, and calls for precautionary management measures.
Afrah Alothman, Daffne López-Sandoval, Carlos M. Duarte, and Susana Agustí
Biogeosciences, 20, 3613–3624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates bacterial dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fixation in the Red Sea, an oligotrophic ecosystem, using stable-isotope labeling and spectroscopy. The research reveals that bacterial DIC fixation significantly contributes to total DIC fixation, in the surface and deep water. The study demonstrates that as primary production decreases, the role of bacterial DIC fixation increases, emphasizing its importance with photosynthesis in estimating oceanic carbon dioxide production.
Arianna Zampollo, Thomas Cornulier, Rory O'Hara Murray, Jacqueline Fiona Tweddle, James Dunning, and Beth E. Scott
Biogeosciences, 20, 3593–3611, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3593-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3593-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights the use of the bottom mixed layer depth (BMLD: depth between the end of the pycnocline and the mixed layer below) to investigate subsurface Chlorophyll a (a proxy of primary production) in temperate stratified shelf waters. The strict correlation between subsurface Chl a and BMLD becomes relevant in shelf-productive waters where multiple stressors (e.g. offshore infrastructure) will change the stratification--mixing balance and related carbon fluxes.
Marco Fusi, Sylvain Rigaud, Giovanna Guadagnin, Alberto Barausse, Ramona Marasco, Daniele Daffonchio, Julie Régis, Louison Huchet, Capucine Camin, Laura Pettit, Cristina Vina-Herbon, and Folco Giomi
Biogeosciences, 20, 3509–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3509-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3509-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen availability in marine water and freshwater is very variable at daily and seasonal scales. The dynamic nature of oxygen fluctuations has important consequences for animal and microbe physiology and ecology, yet it is not fully understood. In this paper, we showed the heterogeneous nature of the aquatic oxygen landscape, which we defined here as the
oxyscape, and we addressed the importance of considering the oxyscape in the modelling and managing of aquatic ecosystems.
Anne L. Morée, Tayler M. Clarke, William W. L. Cheung, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 20, 2425–2454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean temperature and oxygen shape marine habitats together with species’ characteristics. We calculated the impacts of projected 21st-century warming and oxygen loss on the contemporary habitat volume of 47 marine species and described the drivers of these impacts. Most species lose less than 5 % of their habitat at 2 °C of global warming, but some species incur losses 2–3 times greater than that. We also calculate which species may be most vulnerable to climate change and why this is the case.
Markus A. Min, David M. Needham, Sebastian Sudek, Nathan Kobun Truelove, Kathleen J. Pitz, Gabriela M. Chavez, Camille Poirier, Bente Gardeler, Elisabeth von der Esch, Andrea Ludwig, Ulf Riebesell, Alexandra Z. Worden, and Francisco P. Chavez
Biogeosciences, 20, 1277–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Emerging molecular methods provide new ways of understanding how marine communities respond to changes in ocean conditions. Here, environmental DNA was used to track the temporal evolution of biological communities in the Peruvian coastal upwelling system and in an adjacent enclosure where upwelling was simulated. We found that the two communities quickly diverged, with the open ocean being one found during upwelling and the enclosure evolving to one found under stratified conditions.
Wojciech Majewski, Witold Szczuciński, and Andrew J. Gooday
Biogeosciences, 20, 523–544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied foraminifera living in the fjords of South Georgia, a sub-Antarctic island sensitive to climate change. As conditions in water and on the seafloor vary, different associations of these microorganisms dominate far inside, in the middle, and near fjord openings. Assemblages in inner and middle parts of fjords are specific to South Georgia, but they may become widespread with anticipated warming. These results are important for interpretating fossil records and monitoring future change.
Allanah Joy Paul, Lennart Thomas Bach, Javier Arístegui, Elisabeth von der Esch, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Jonna Piiparinen, Laura Ramajo, Kristian Spilling, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 19, 5911–5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how different deep water chemistry and biology modulate the response of surface phytoplankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Our results show that the most influential drivers were the ratio of inorganic nutrients (N : P) and the microbial community present in upwelling source water. These led to unexpected and variable development in the phytoplankton assemblage that could not be predicted by the amount of inorganic nutrients alone.
Hanna M. Kauko, Philipp Assmy, Ilka Peeken, Magdalena Różańska-Pluta, Józef M. Wiktor, Gunnar Bratbak, Asmita Singh, Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh, and Sebastien Moreau
Biogeosciences, 19, 5449–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article studies phytoplankton (microscopic
plantsin the ocean capable of photosynthesis) in Kong Håkon VII Hav in the Southern Ocean. Different species play different roles in the ecosystem, and it is therefore important to assess the species composition. We observed that phytoplankton blooms in this area are formed by large diatoms with strong silica armors, which can lead to high silica (and sometimes carbon) export to depth and be important prey for krill.
Chloe Carbonne, Steeve Comeau, Phoebe T. W. Chan, Keyla Plichon, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Núria Teixidó
Biogeosciences, 19, 4767–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4767-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4767-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, our study highlights the synergistic effects of a 9-month warming and acidification combined stress on the early life stages of a Mediterranean azooxanthellate coral, Astroides calycularis. Our results predict a decrease in dispersion, settlement, post-settlement linear extention, budding and survival under future global change and that larvae and recruits of A. calycularis are stages of interest for this Mediterranean coral resistance, resilience and conservation.
Iris E. Hendriks, Anna Escolano-Moltó, Susana Flecha, Raquel Vaquer-Sunyer, Marlene Wesselmann, and Núria Marbà
Biogeosciences, 19, 4619–4637, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrasses are marine plants with the capacity to act as carbon sinks due to their high primary productivity, using carbon for growth. This capacity can play a key role in climate change mitigation. We compiled and published data showing that two Mediterranean seagrass species have different metabolic rates, while the study method influences the rates of the measurements. Most communities act as carbon sinks, while the western basin might be more productive than the eastern Mediterranean.
Raúl Tapia, Sze Ling Ho, Hui-Yu Wang, Jeroen Groeneveld, and Mahyar Mohtadi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3185–3208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report census counts of planktic foraminifera in depth-stratified plankton net samples off Indonesia. Our results show that the vertical distribution of foraminifera species routinely used in paleoceanographic reconstructions varies in hydrographically distinct regions, likely in response to food availability. Consequently, the thermal gradient based on mixed layer and thermocline dwellers also differs for these regions, suggesting potential implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Ricardo González-Gil, Neil S. Banas, Eileen Bresnan, and Michael R. Heath
Biogeosciences, 19, 2417–2426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In oceanic waters, the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in winter, when light still limits growth, is attributed to a decrease in grazing as the mixed layer deepens. However, in coastal areas, it is not clear whether winter biomass can accumulate without this deepening. Using 21 years of weekly data, we found that in the Scottish coastal North Sea, the seasonal increase in light availability triggers the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in winter, when light limitation is strongest.
Birgit Koehler, Mårten Erlandsson, Martin Karlsson, and Lena Bergström
Biogeosciences, 19, 2295–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding species richness patterns remains a challenge for biodiversity management. We estimated fish species richness over a coastal salinity gradient (3–32) with a method that allowed comparing data from various sources. Species richness was 3-fold higher at high vs. low salinity, and salinity influenced species’ habitat preference, mobility and feeding type. If climate change causes upper-layer freshening of the Baltic Sea, further shifts along the identified patterns may be expected.
Uri Obolski, Thomas Wichard, Alvaro Israel, Alexander Golberg, and Alexander Liberzon
Biogeosciences, 19, 2263–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The algal genus Ulva plays a major role in coastal ecosystems worldwide and is a promising prospect as an seagriculture crop. A substantial hindrance to cultivating Ulva arises from sudden sporulation, leading to biomass loss. This process is not yet well understood. Here, we characterize the dynamics of Ulva growth, considering the potential impact of sporulation inhibitors, using a mathematical model. Our findings are an essential step towards understanding the dynamics of Ulva growth.
Emanuela Fanelli, Samuele Menicucci, Sara Malavolti, Andrea De Felice, and Iole Leonori
Biogeosciences, 19, 1833–1851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1833-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1833-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton play a key role in marine ecosystems, forming the base of the marine food web and a link between primary producers and higher-order consumers, such as fish. This aspect is crucial in the Adriatic basin, one of the most productive and overexploited areas of the Mediterranean Sea. A better understanding of community and food web structure and their response to water mass changes is essential under a global warming scenario, as zooplankton are sensitive to climate change.
Masaya Yoshikai, Takashi Nakamura, Rempei Suwa, Sahadev Sharma, Rene Rollon, Jun Yasuoka, Ryohei Egawa, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 19, 1813–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new individual-based vegetation model to investigate salinity control on mangrove productivity. The model incorporates plant hydraulics and tree competition and predicts unique and complex patterns of mangrove forest structures that vary across soil salinity gradients. The presented model does not hold an empirical expression of salinity influence on productivity and thus may provide a better understanding of mangrove forest dynamics in future climate change.
Coulson A. Lantz, William Leggat, Jessica L. Bergman, Alexander Fordyce, Charlotte Page, Thomas Mesaglio, and Tracy D. Ainsworth
Biogeosciences, 19, 891–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coral bleaching events continue to drive the degradation of coral reefs worldwide. In this study we measured rates of daytime coral reef community calcification and photosynthesis during a reef-wide bleaching event. Despite a measured decline in coral health across several taxa, there was no change in overall daytime community calcification and photosynthesis. These findings highlight potential limitations of these community-level metrics to reflect actual changes in coral health.
Hyewon Heather Kim, Jeff S. Bowman, Ya-Wei Luo, Hugh W. Ducklow, Oscar M. Schofield, Deborah K. Steinberg, and Scott C. Doney
Biogeosciences, 19, 117–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic marine bacteria are tiny organisms responsible for taking up organic matter in the ocean. Using a modeling approach, this study shows that characteristics (taxonomy and physiology) of bacteria are associated with a subset of ecological processes in the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula region, a system susceptible to global climate change. This study also suggests that bacteria will become more active, in particular large-sized cells, in response to changing climates in the region.
Alice E. Webb, Didier M. de Bakker, Karline Soetaert, Tamara da Costa, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Fleur C. van Duyl, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Lennart J. de Nooijer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6501–6516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biogeochemical behaviour of shallow reef communities is quantified to better understand the impact of habitat degradation and species composition shifts on reef functioning. The reef communities investigated barely support reef functions that are usually ascribed to conventional coral reefs, and the overall biogeochemical behaviour is found to be similar regardless of substrate type. This suggests a decrease in functional diversity which may therefore limit services provided by this reef.
Emmanuel Devred, Andrea Hilborn, and Cornelia Elizabeth den Heyer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6115–6132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A theoretical model of grey seal seasonal abundance on Sable Island (SI) coupled with chlorophyll-a concentration [chl-a] measured by satellite revealed the impact of seal nitrogen fertilization on the surrounding waters of SI, Canada. The increase in seals from about 100 000 in 2003 to about 360 000 in 2018 during the breeding season is consistent with an increase in [chl-a] leeward of SI. The increase in seal abundance explains 8 % of the [chl-a] increase.
Julie Meilland, Michael Siccha, Maike Kaffenberger, Jelle Bijma, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 18, 5789–5809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera population dynamics has long been assumed to be controlled by synchronous reproduction and ontogenetic vertical migration (OVM). Due to contradictory observations, this concept became controversial. We here test it in the Atlantic ocean for four species of foraminifera representing the main clades. Our observations support the existence of synchronised reproduction and OVM but show that more than half of the population does not follow the canonical trajectory.
Federica Maggioni, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Jérome Aucan, Carlo Cerrano, Barbara Calcinai, Claude Payri, Francesca Benzoni, Yves Letourneur, and Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
Biogeosciences, 18, 5117–5140, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on current experimental evidence, climate change will affect up to 90 % of coral reefs worldwide. The originality of this study arises from our recent discovery of an exceptional study site where environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and oxygen) are even worse than those forecasted for the future.
While these conditions are generally recognized as unfavorable for marine life, we found a rich and abundant coral reef thriving under such extreme environmental conditions.
Nisan Sariaslan and Martin R. Langer
Biogeosciences, 18, 4073–4090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Analyses of foraminiferal assemblages from the Mamanguape mangrove estuary (northern Brazil) revealed highly diverse, species-rich, and structurally complex biotas. The atypical fauna resembles shallow-water offshore assemblages and are interpreted to be the result of highly saline ocean waters penetrating deep into the estuary. The findings contrast with previous studies, have implications for the fossil record, and provide novel perspectives for reconstructing mangrove environments.
Jutta E. Wollenburg, Jelle Bijma, Charlotte Cremer, Ulf Bickmeyer, and Zora Mila Colomba Zittier
Biogeosciences, 18, 3903–3915, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cultured at in situ high-pressure conditions Cibicides and Cibicidoides taxa develop lasting ectoplasmic structures that cannot be retracted or resorbed. An ectoplasmic envelope surrounds their test and may protect the shell, e.g. versus carbonate aggressive bottom water conditions. Ectoplasmic roots likely anchor the specimens in areas of strong bottom water currents, trees enable them to elevate themselves above ground, and twigs stabilize and guide the retractable pseudopodial network.
Kumar Nimit
Biogeosciences, 18, 3631–3635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Indian Ocean Rim hosts many of the underdeveloped and emerging economies that depend on ocean resources for the livelihood of millions. Operational ocean information services cater to the requirements of resource managers and end-users to efficiently harness resources, mitigate threats and ensure safety. This paper outlines existing tools and explores the ongoing research that has the potential to convert the findings into operational services in the near- to midterm.
Finn Mielck, Rune Michaelis, H. Christian Hass, Sarah Hertel, Caroline Ganal, and Werner Armonies
Biogeosciences, 18, 3565–3577, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine sand mining is becoming more and more important to nourish fragile coastlines that face global change. We investigated the largest sand extraction site in the German Bight. The study reveals that after more than 35 years of mining, the excavation pits are still detectable on the seafloor while the sediment composition has largely changed. The organic communities living in and on the seafloor were strongly decimated, and no recovery is observable towards previous conditions.
France Van Wambeke, Elvira Pulido, Philippe Catala, Julie Dinasquet, Kahina Djaoudi, Anja Engel, Marc Garel, Sophie Guasco, Barbara Marie, Sandra Nunige, Vincent Taillandier, Birthe Zäncker, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 18, 2301–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and β-glucosidase in the Mediterranean Sea. Although the ectoenzymatic-hydrolysis contribution to heterotrophic prokaryotic needs was high in terms of N, it was low in terms of C. This study points out the biases in interpretation of the relative differences in activities among the three tested enzymes in regard to the choice of added concentrations of fluorogenic substrates.
Oscar E. Romero, Simon Ramondenc, and Gerhard Fischer
Biogeosciences, 18, 1873–1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling intensity along NW Africa varies on the interannual to decadal timescale. Understanding its changes is key for the prediction of future changes of CO2 sequestration in the northeastern Atlantic. Based on a multiyear (1988–2009) sediment trap experiment at the site CBmeso, fluxes and the species composition of the diatom assemblage are presented. Our data help in establishing the scientific basis for forecasting and modeling future states of this ecosystem and its decadal changes.
Katharine T. Bigham, Ashley A. Rowden, Daniel Leduc, and David A. Bowden
Biogeosciences, 18, 1893–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1893-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1893-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Turbidity flows – underwater avalanches – are large-scale physical disturbances believed to have profound impacts on productivity and diversity of benthic communities in the deep sea. We reviewed published studies and found that current evidence for changes in productivity is ambiguous at best, but the influence on regional and local diversity is clearer. We suggest study design criteria that may lead to a better understanding of large-scale disturbance effects on deep-sea benthos.
Phillip Williamson, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Steve Widdicombe, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Biogeosciences, 18, 1787–1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The reliability of ocean acidification research was challenged in early 2020 when a high-profile paper failed to corroborate previously observed impacts of high CO2 on the behaviour of coral reef fish. We now know the reason why: the
replicatedstudies differed in many ways. Open-minded and collaborative assessment of all research results, both negative and positive, remains the best way to develop process-based understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms.
Michael Lintner, Bianca Lintner, Wolfgang Wanek, Nina Keul, and Petra Heinz
Biogeosciences, 18, 1395–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Foraminifera are unicellular marine organisms that play an important role in the marine element cycle. Changes of environmental parameters such as salinity or temperature have a significant impact on the faunal assemblages. Our experiments show that changes in salinity immediately influence the foraminiferal activity. Also the light regime has a significant impact on carbon or nitrogen processing in foraminifera which contain no kleptoplasts.
Michele Casini, Martin Hansson, Alessandro Orio, and Karin Limburg
Biogeosciences, 18, 1321–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the past 20 years the condition of the eastern Baltic cod has dropped, with large implications for the fishery. Our results show that simultaneously the cod population has moved deeper while low-oxygenated waters detrimental for cod growth have become shallower. Cod have thus dwelled more in detrimental waters, explaining the drop in its condition. This study, using long-term fish and hydrological monitoring data, evidences the impact of deoxygenation on fish biology and fishing.
Elizabeth D. LaBone, Kenneth A. Rose, Dubravko Justic, Haosheng Huang, and Lixia Wang
Biogeosciences, 18, 487–507, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The hypoxic zone is an area of low dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Gulf of Mexico. Fish can be killed by exposure to hypoxia and can be negatively impacted by exposure to low, nonlethal DO concentrations (sublethal DO). We found that high sublethal area resulted in higher exposure and DO variability had a small effect on exposure. There was a large variation in exposure among individuals, which when combined with spatial variability of DO, can result in an underestimation of exposure when averaged.
Svenja Reents, Peter Mueller, Hao Tang, Kai Jensen, and Stefanie Nolte
Biogeosciences, 18, 403–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By conducting a flooding experiment with two genotypes of the salt-marsh grass Elymus athericus, we show considerable differences in biomass response to flooding within the same species. As biomass production plays a major role in sedimentation processes and thereby salt-marsh accretion, we emphasise the importance of taking intraspecific differences into account when evaluating ecosystem resilience to accelerated sea level rise.
Cara Nissen and Meike Vogt
Biogeosciences, 18, 251–283, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional Southern Ocean ecosystem model, we find that the relative importance of Phaeocystis and diatoms at high latitudes is controlled by iron and temperature variability, with light levels controlling the seasonal succession in coastal areas. Yet, biomass losses via aggregation and grazing matter as well. We show that the seasonal succession of Phaeocystis and diatoms impacts the seasonality of carbon export fluxes with ramifications for nutrient cycling and food web dynamics.
Jiangtao Li, Lingyuan Gu, Shijie Bai, Jie Wang, Lei Su, Bingbing Wei, Li Zhang, and Jiasong Fang
Biogeosciences, 18, 113–133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-113-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Few studies have focused on the particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) microbes of the deep ocean. Here we determined PA and FL microbial communities along depth profiles of the SCS. PA and FL fractions accommodated divergent microbial compositions, and most of them are potentially generalists with PA and FL dual lifestyles. A potential vertical connectivity between surface-specific microbes and those in the deep ocean was indicated, likely through microbial attachment to sinking particles.
Saskia Brix, Karen J. Osborn, Stefanie Kaiser, Sarit B. Truskey, Sarah M. Schnurr, Nils Brenke, Marina Malyutina, and Pedro Martinez Arbizu
Biogeosciences, 17, 6163–6184, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6163-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6163-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) located in the Pacific is commercially the most important area of proposed manganese nodule mining. Extraction of this will influence the life and distribution of small deep-sea invertebrates like peracarid crustaceans, of which >90 % are undescribed species new to science. We are doing a species delimitation approach as baseline for an ecological interpretation of species distribution and discuss the results in light of future deep-sea conservation.
Amal Jayakumar and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 17, 5953–5966, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Diversity and community composition of nitrogen-fixing microbes in the three main oxygen minimum zones of the world ocean were investigated using nifH clone libraries. Representatives of three main clusters of nifH genes were detected. Sequences were most diverse in the surface waters. The most abundant OTUs were affiliated with Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The sequences were biogeographically distinct and the dominance of a few OTUs was commonly observed in OMZs in this (and other) studies.
Guillermo Feliú, Marc Pagano, Pamela Hidalgo, and François Carlotti
Biogeosciences, 17, 5417–5441, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5417-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5417-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of Saharan dust deposition events on the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem was studied during a basin-scale survey (PEACETIME cruise, May–June 2017). Short-term responses of the zooplankton community were observed after episodic dust deposition events, highlighting the impact of these events on productivity up to the zooplankton level in the poorly fertilized pelagic ecosystems of the southern Mediterranean Sea.
Douglas Lessa, Raphaël Morard, Lukas Jonkers, Igor M. Venancio, Runa Reuter, Adrian Baumeister, Ana Luiza Albuquerque, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 17, 4313–4342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4313-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4313-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We observed that living planktonic foraminifera had distinct vertically distributed communities across the Subtropical South Atlantic. In addition, a hierarchic alternation of environmental parameters was measured to control the distribution of planktonic foraminifer's species depending on the water depth. This implies that not only temperature but also productivity and subsurface processes are signed in fossil assemblages, which could be used to perform paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Karl M. Attard and Ronnie N. Glud
Biogeosciences, 17, 4343–4353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Light-use efficiency defines the ability of primary producers to convert sunlight energy to primary production. This report provides a framework to compute hourly and daily light-use efficiency using underwater eddy covariance, a recent technological development that produces habitat-scale rates of primary production for many different habitat types. The approach, tested on measured flux data, provides a useful means to compare habitat productivity across time and space.
Stacy Deppeler, Kai G. Schulz, Alyce Hancock, Penelope Pascoe, John McKinlay, and Andrew Davidson
Biogeosciences, 17, 4153–4171, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4153-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4153-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our study showed how ocean acidification can exert both direct and indirect influences on the interactions among trophic levels within the microbial loop. Microbial grazer abundance was reduced at CO2 concentrations at and above 634 µatm, while microbial communities increased in abundance, likely due to a reduction in being grazed. Such changes in predator–prey interactions with ocean acidification could have significant effects on the food web and biogeochemistry in the Southern Ocean.
Mirjana Najdek, Marino Korlević, Paolo Paliaga, Marsej Markovski, Ingrid Ivančić, Ljiljana Iveša, Igor Felja, and Gerhard J. Herndl
Biogeosciences, 17, 3299–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3299-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3299-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The response of Cymodocea nodosa to environmental changes was reported during a 15-month period. The meadow decline was triggered in spring by the simultaneous reduction of available light in the water column and the creation of anoxic conditions in the rooted area. This disturbance was critical for the plant since it took place during its recruitment phase when metabolic needs are maximal and stored reserves minimal. The loss of such habitat-forming seagrass is a major environmental concern.
Timm Schoening, Autun Purser, Daniel Langenkämper, Inken Suck, James Taylor, Daphne Cuvelier, Lidia Lins, Erik Simon-Lledó, Yann Marcon, Daniel O. B. Jones, Tim Nattkemper, Kevin Köser, Martin Zurowietz, Jens Greinert, and Jose Gomes-Pereira
Biogeosciences, 17, 3115–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor imaging is widely used in marine science and industry to explore and monitor areas of interest. The selection of the most appropriate imaging gear and deployment strategy depends on the target application. This paper compares imaging platforms like autonomous vehicles or towed camera frames and different deployment strategies of those in assessing the megafauna abundance of polymetallic-nodule fields. The deep-sea mining industry needs that information for robust impact monitoring.
Tatsuro Tanioka and Katsumi Matsumoto
Biogeosciences, 17, 2939–2954, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2939-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2939-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted an extensive literature survey (meta-analysis) on how the C : N : P ratio varies with change in key environmental drivers. We found that the expected reduction in nutrients and warming under the future climate change scenario is likely to result in increased C : P and C : N of marine phytoplankton. Further, our findings highlight the greater stoichiometric plasticity of eukaryotes over prokaryotes, which provide us insights on how to understand and model plankton.
Vanessa Joglar, Antero Prieto, Esther Barber-Lluch, Marta Hernández-Ruiz, Emilio Fernández, and Eva Teira
Biogeosciences, 17, 2807–2823, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2807-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2807-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal marine ecosystems are among the most ecologically and economically productive areas providing a large fraction of ecosystem goods and services to human populations, and B vitamins have long been considered important growth factors for phytoplankton. Our findings indicate that the responses of microbial plankton to B-vitamin supply are mainly driven by the bacterial community composition and that microbial plankton in this area seems to be well adapted to cope with B-vitamin shortage.
Tasnim Patel, Henri Robert, Cedric D'Udekem D'Acoz, Koen Martens, Ilse De Mesel, Steven Degraer, and Isa Schön
Biogeosciences, 17, 2731–2744, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2731-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2731-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Exploitation of deep-sea resources in one of the largest ecosystems on the planet has rendered research of its biodiversity more urgent than ever before. We investigated the known habitats and connectivity of deep-sea scavenging amphipods and obtained important knowledge about several species. We also demonstrated that a long-term disturbance experiment has possibly reduced amphipod biodiversity. These data and further sampling expeditions are instrumental for formulating sustainable policies.
Daphne Cuvelier, Pedro A. Ribeiro, Sofia P. Ramalho, Daniel Kersken, Pedro Martinez Arbizu, and Ana Colaço
Biogeosciences, 17, 2657–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2657-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2657-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Polymetallic nodule mining will remove hard substrata from the abyssal deep-sea floor. The only neighbouring ecosystems featuring hard substratum are seamounts, and their inhabiting fauna could aid in recovery post-mining. Nevertheless, first observations of seamount megafauna were very different from nodule-associated megafauna and showed little overlap. The possible uniqueness of these ecosystems implies that they should be included in management plans for the conservation of biodiversity.
Karen F. Wishner, Brad Seibel, and Dawn Outram
Biogeosciences, 17, 2315–2339, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing deoxygenation and oxygen minimum zone expansion are consequences of global warming. Copepod species had different vertical distribution strategies and physiologies associated with oxygen profile variability (0–1000 m). Species (1) changed vertical distributions and maximum abundance depth, (2) shifted diapause depth, (3) changed diel vertical migration depths, or (4) changed epipelagic depth range in the aerobic mixed layer. Present-day variability helps predict future scenarios.
Cited articles
Aloisi, G., Bouloubassi, I., Heijs, S. K., Pancost, R. D., Pierre, C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Gottschal, J. C., Forney, L. J., and Rouchy, J.-M.: CH4-consuming microorganisms and the formation of carbonate crusts at cold seeps, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 203, 195–203, 2002.
Alonso-Sáez, L., Galand, P. E., Casamayor, E. O., Pedrós-Alió, C., and Bertilsson, S.: High bicarbonate assimilation in the dark by Arctic bacteria, ISME J., 4, 1581–1590, 2010.
Alonso-Sáez, L., Waller, A. S., Mende, D. R., Bakker, K., Farnelid, H., Yager, P.L., Lovejoy, C., Tremblay, J.-E., Potvin, M., Heinrich, F., Estrada, M., Riemann, L., Bork, P., Pedrós-Alió, C., and Bertilsson, S.: Role for urea in nitrification by polar marine Archaea, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 17989–17994, 2012.
Althaus, F., Williams, A., Schlacher, T. A., Kloser, R. J., Green, M. A., Barker, B. A., Bax, N. J., Brodie, P., and Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A.: Impacts of bottom trawling on deep-coral ecosystems of seamounts are long-lasting, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 397, 40, 2009.
Anantharaman, K., Breier, J. A., Sheik, C. S., and Dick, G. J.: Evidence for hydrogen oxidation and metabolic plasticity in widespread deep-sea sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 330–335, 2013.
Armstrong, C. W., Foley, N., Tinch, R., and Hove, S. v. d.: Ecosystem Goods and Services of the Deep Sea, HERMIONE (Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's impact on European Seas), Deliverable D6.2: Ecosystem Goods and Services of the Deep Sea, WP6: Socioeconomics, Ocean Governance and Science-Policy Interfaces, 2010.
Armstrong, C. W., Foley, N. S., Tinch, R., and van den Hove, S.: Services from the deep: Steps towards valuation of deep sea goods and services, Ecosyst. Serv., 2, 2–13, 2012.
Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., and Thingstad, F.: The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 10, 257–263, 1983.
Bailey, D. M., Collins, M. A., Gordon, J. D. M., Zuur, A. F., and Priede, I. G.: Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the northeast Atlantic: a deeper reaching effect of fisheries?, P. R. Soc. B, 276, 1965–1969, 2009.
Ballard, R. D., Hiebert, F. T., Coleman, D. F., Ward, C., Smith, J. S., Willis, K., Foley, B., Croff, K., Major, C., and Torre, F.: Deepwater archaeology of the black sea: the 2000 season at Sinop, Turkey, Am. J. Archaeol., 105, 607–623, 2001.
Beaumont, N. J., Austen, M. C., Atkins, J. P., Burdon, D., Degraer, S., Dentinho, T. P., Derous, S., Holm, P., Horton, T., van Ierland, E., Marboe, A. H., Starkey, D. J., Townsend, M., and Zarzycki, T.: Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem approach, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 54, 253–265, 2007.
Benn, A. R., Weaver, P. P., Billet, D. S. M., van den Hove, S., Murdock, A. P., Doneghan, G. B., and Le Bas, T.: Human Activities on the Deep Seafloor in the North East Atlantic: An Assessment of Spatial Extent, PLoS ONE, 5, e12730, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012730, 2010.
Bernardino, A. F., Smith, C. R., Baco, A., Altamira, I., and Sumida, P. Y. G.: Macrofaunal succession in sediments around kelp and wood falls in the deep NE Pacific and community overlap with other reducing habitats, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 708–723, 2010.
Berner, R. A.: Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over phanerozoic time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 75, 97–122, 1989.
Bernhard, J. M., Barry, J. P., Buck, K. R., and Starczak, V. R.: Impact of intentionally injected carbon dioxide hydrate on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal survival, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 2078–2088, 2009.
Bett, B. J.: UK Atlantic Margin Environmental Survey: introduction and overview of bathyal benthic ecology, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 917–956, 2001.
Biastoch, A., Treude, T., Rüpke, L. H., Riebesell, U., Roth, C., Burwicz, E. B., Park, W., Latif, M., Böning, C. W., and Madec, G.: Rising Arctic Ocean temperatures cause gas hydrate destabilization and ocean acidification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047222, 2011.
Billett, D. S. M., Bett, B. J., Reid, W. D. K., Boorman, B., and Priede, I. G.: Long-term change in the abyssal NE Atlantic: The "Amperima Event" revisited, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1406–1417, 2010.
Boetius, A. and Suess, E.: Hydrate Ridge: a natural laboratory for the study of microbial life fueled by methane from near-surface gas hydrates, Chem. Geol., 205, 291–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.034, 2004.
Boetius, A. and Wenzhöfer, F.: Seafloor oxygen consumption fuelled by methane from cold seeps, Nat. Geosci., 6, 725–734, 2013.
Bowden, D. A., Schiaparelli, S., Clark, M. R., and Rickard, G. J.: A lost world? Archaic crinoid-dominated assemblages on an Antarctic seamount, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 119–127, 2011.
Braeckman, U., Provoost, P., Moens, T., Soetaert, K., Middelburg, J. J., Vincx, M. and Vanaverbeke, J.: Biological vs. physical mixing effects on benthic food web dynamics, PLoS ONE, 6, e18078, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018078, 2011.
Bronk, D. A.: Dynamics of DON, in: Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, C. A., Academic Press, San Diego, 153–247, 2002.
Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° N, Nature, 438, 655–657, 2005.
Buesseler, K. O., Lamborg, C. H., Boyd, P. W., Lam, P. J., Trull, T. W., Bidigare, R. R., Bishop, J. K. B., Casciotti, K. L., Dehairs, F., Elskens, M., Honda, M., Karl, D. M., Siegel, D. A., Silver, M. W., Steinberg, D. K., Valdes, J., Mooy, B. V., and Wilson, S.: Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean's twilight zone, Science, 316, 567–570, 2007.
Burd, A. B., Hansell, D. A., Steinberg, D. K., Anderson, T. R., Arístegui, J., Baltar, F., Beaupré, S. R., Buesseler, K. O., DeHairs, F., Jackson, G. A., Kadko, D. C., Koppelmann, R., Lampitt, R. S., Nagata, T., Reinthaler, T., Robinson, C., Robison, B. H., Tamburini, C., and Tanaka, T.: Assessing the apparent imbalance between geochemical and biochemical indicators of meso- and bathypelagic biological activity: What the @$#! is wrong with present calculations of carbon budgets?, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1557–1571, 2010.
Cailliet, G., Andrews, A., Burton, E., Watters, D., Kline, D., and Ferry-Graham, L.: Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer?, Exp. Gerontol., 36, 739–764, 2001.
Canadell, J. G., Quéré, C. L., Raupach, M. R., Field, C. B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Gillett, N. P., Houghton, R. A., and Marland, G.: Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 18866–18870, 2007.
Canals, M., Puig, P., de Madron, X. D., Heussner, S., Palanques, A., and Fabres, J.: Flushing submarine canyons, Nature, 444, 354–357, 2006.
Chivers, A. J., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Lamont, P. A., Dale, A., and Turnewitsch, R.: Changes in polychaete standing stock and diversity on the northern side of Senghor Seamount (NE Atlantic), Biogeosciences, 10, 3535–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3535-2013, 2013.
Clark, M. R. and Koslow, J. A.: Impacts of Fisheries on Seamounts, in: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries & Conservation, edited by: Pitcher, T. J., Morato, T., Hart, P. J. B., Clark, M. R., Haggan, N., and Santos, R. S., Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, Uk, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691953.ch19, 2008.
Clark, M. R., Rowden, A. A., Schlacher, T., Williams, A., Consalvey, M., Stocks, K. I., Rogers, A. D., O'Hara, T. D., White, M., Shank, T. M., and Hall-Spencer, J. M.: The Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Function, and Human Impacts, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 253–278, 2010.
Codispoti, L. A., Brandes, J. A., Christensen, J. P., Devol, A. H., Naqvi, S. W. A., Paerl, H. W., and Yoshinari, T.: The oceanic fixed nitrogen and nitrous oxide budgets: Moving targets as we enter the anthropocene?, Sci. Mar., 65, 85–105, 2001.
Cordes, E. E., McGinley, M. P., Podowski, E. L., Becker, E. L., Lessard-Pilon, S., Viada, S. T., and Fisher, C. R.: Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 777–787, 2008.
Cordes, E. E., Becker, E. L., Hourdez, S., and Fisher, C. R.: Influence of foundation species, depth, and location on diversity and community composition at Gulf of Mexico lower-slope cold seeps, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1870–1881, 2010a.
Cordes, E. E., Cunha, M. R., Galéron, J., Mora, C., Olu-Le Roy, K., Sibuet, M., Van Gaever, S., Vanreusel, A., and Levin, L. A.: The influence of geological, geochemical, and biogenic habitat heterogeneity on seep biodiversity, Mar. Ecol., 31, 51–65, 2010b.
Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J., Gordon, L. I., Edmond, J. M., Herzen, R. P. von, Ballard, R. D., Green, K., Williams, D., Bainbridge, A., Crane, K., and van Andel, T. H.: Submarine Thermal Sprirngs on the Galápagos Rift, Science, 203, 1073–1083, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073, 1979.
Costanza, R.: Ecosystem services: Multiple classification systems are needed, Biol. Conserv., 141, 350–352, 2008..
Cowie, G. L., Calvert, S. E., Pedersen, T. F., Schulz, H., and von Rad, U.: Organic content and preservational controls in surficial shelf and slope sediments from the Arabian Sea (Pakistan margin), Mar. Geol., 161, 23–38, 1999.
Cullen, D. J.: Distribution composition and age of submarine phosphorites on Chatham Rise east of New Zealand, SEPM Special Publication 29, 139–148, 1980.
Dachs, J., Lohmann, R., Ockenden, W. A., Méjanelle, L., Eisenreich, S. J., and Jones, K. C.: Oceanic biogeochemical controls on global dynamics of persistent organic pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4229–4237, 2002.
Danovaro, R.: Extending the approaches of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to the deep ocean, in: Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, methodologies, and integration, edited by: Solan, M., Aspden, R. J., and Paterson, D. M., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 115–126, 2012.
Danovaro, R., Dell'Anno, A., Corinaldesi, C., Magagnini, M., Noble, R., Tamburini, C., and Weinbauer, M.: Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems, Nature, 454, 1084–1087, 2008a.
Danovaro, R., Gambi, C., Dell'Anno, A., Corinaldesi, C., Fraschetti, S., Vanreusel, A., Vincx, M., and Gooday, A. J.: Exponential decline of deep-sea ecosystem functioning linked to benthic biodiversity loss, Curr. Biol., 18, 1–8, 2008b.
De Angelis, M. A., Lilley, M. D., and Baross, J. A.: Methane oxidation in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes of the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 1169–1186, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90132-M, 1993.
De Leo, F. C., Smith, C. R., Rowden, A. A., Bowden, D. A., and Clark, M. R.: Submarine canyons: hotspots of benthic biomass and productivity in the deep sea, P. R. Soc. B, 277, 2783–2792, 2010.
De Leo, F. C., Vetter, E. W., Smith, C. R., Rowden, A. A., and McGranaghan, M.: Spatial scale-dependent habitat heterogeneity influences submarine canyon macrofaunal abundance and diversity off the Main and Northwest Hawaiian Islands, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 104, 267–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.015, 2013.
De Stigter, H. C., Boer, W., de Jesus Mendes, P. A., Jesus, C. C., Thomsen, L., van den Bergh, G. D., and van Weering, T. C. E.: Recent sediment transport and deposition in the Nazaré Canyon, Portuguese continental margin, Mar. Geol., 246, 144–164, 2007.
Dick, G. J., Anantharaman, K., Baker, B. J., Li, M., Reed, D. C., and Sheik, C. S.: The microbiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes: ecological and biogeographic linkages to seafloor and water column habitats, Front. Microbiol., 4, 124, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00124, 2013.
Dylan, T.: Ocean thermal energy conversion: current overview and future outlook, Renew. Energy, 6, 367–373, 1995.
Flothmann, S., von Kistowski, K., Dolan, E., Lee, E., Meere, F., and Album, G.: Closing loopholes: getting illegal fishing under control, Science, 328, 1235–1236, 2010.
Foley, N. and Armstrong, C. W.: The ecological and economic value of cold-water coral ecosystems, Ocean Coast. Manage., 53, 313–326, 2010.
Francis, C. A., Beman, J. M., and Kuypers, M. M. M.: New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation, ISME J., 1, 19–27, 2007.
Froescheis, O., Looser, R., Cailliet, G. M., Jarman, W. M., and Ballschmiter, K.: The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part I: PCBs in surface and deep-sea dwelling fish of the North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California), Chemosphere, 40, 651–660, 2000.
Gage, J. D. and Tyler, P. A.: Deep-sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Gebruk, A. V., Chevaldonné, P., Shank, T., Lutz, R. A., and Vrijenhoek, R. C.: Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities of the Logatchev area (14°45´ N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Diverse biotopes and high biomass, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 80, 383–393, 2000.
Glover, A. G. and Smith, C. R.: The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025, Environ. Conserv., 30, 219–241, 2003.
Glover, A. G., Wiklund, H., Taboada, S., Avila, C., Cristobo, J., Smith, C. R., Kemp, K. M., Jamieson, A. J., and Dahlgren, T. G.: Bone-eating worms from the Antarctic: the contrasting fate of whale and wood remains on the Southern Ocean seafloor, P. R. Soc. B, 280, 1768, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1390, 2013.
Grassle, J. F. and Maciolek, N. J.: Deep-sea species richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples, Am. Natural., 139, 313–341, 1992.
Gruber, N. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 235–266, 1997.
Gutt, J. and Starmans, A.: Structure and biodiversity of megabenthos in the Weddell and Lazarev Seas (Antarctica): Ecological role of physical parameters and biological interactions, Polar Biol., 20, 229–247, 1998.
Haedrich, R. L. and Merrett, N. R.: Little evidence for faunal zonation or communities in deep sea demersal fish faunas, Progr. Oceanogr., 24, 239–250, 1990.
Haines-Young, R. and Potschin, M.: Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August–December 2012, 2013.
Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., and Schlitzer, R.: Net removal of major marine dissolved organic carbon fractions in the subsurface ocean: Removal of exported DOC, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004069, 2012.
Hansman, R. L., Griffin, S., Watson, J. T., Druffel, E. R., Ingalls, A. E., Pearson, A., and Aluwihare, L. I.: The radiocarbon signature of microorganisms in the mesopelagic ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 6513–6518, 2009.
Harris, P. T., Mamillan-Lawler, M., Rupp, J., and Baker, E. K.: Geomorphology of the oceans, Mar. Geol., 352, 4–24,, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011, 2014.
Hasemann, C. and Soltwedel, T.: Small-scale heterogeneity in deep-sea nematode communities around biogenic structures, PLoS One 6, e29152, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029152, 2011.
Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions Assessment (HUMMA) – Final Investigation Report (No. HI-05): University of Hawaii at Manoa, Environet, Inc., 2010.
Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., and Conrad, T. A.: Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources, Ore Geol. Rev., 51, 1–14, 2013..
Herndl, G. J. and Reinthaler, T.: Microbial control of the dark end of the biological pump, Nat. Geosci., 6, 718–724, 2013.
Herndl, G. J., Reinthaler, T., Teira, E., van Aken, H., Veth, C., Pernthaler, A., and Pernthaler, J.: Contribution of Archaea to total prokaryotic production in the deep Atlantic Ocean, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 2303–2309, 2005.
Herzig, P. M. and Hannington, M. D.: Polymetallic massive sulfides at the modern seafloor a review, Ore Geol. Rev., 10, 95–115, 1995.
Hessler, R. R. and Sanders, H. L.: Faunal diversity in the deep-sea, Deep-Sea Res., 14, 65–78, 1967.
Howell, K. L., Pond, D. W., Billett, D. S., and Tyler, P. A.: Feeding ecology of deep-sea seastars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): a fatty-acid biomarker approach, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 255, 193–206, 2003.
Hughes, D. J., Brown, L., Cook, G. T., Cowie, G., Gage, J. D., Good, E., Kennedy, H., MacKenzie, A. B., Papadimitriou, S., and Shimmield, G. B.: The effects of megafaunal burrows on radiotracer profiles and organic composition in deep-sea sediments: preliminary results from two sites in the bathyal north-east Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 52, 1–13, 2005.
Hunter, W. R., Veuger, B. and Witte, U.: Macrofauna regulate heterotrophic bacterial carbon and nitrogen incorporation in low-oxygen sediments, ISME J, 6, 2140–2151, 2012.
Ingalls, A. E., Shah, S. R., Hansman, R. L., Aluwihare, L. I., Santos, G. M., Druffel, E. R., and Pearson, A.: Quantifying archaeal community autotrophy in the mesopelagic ocean using natural radiocarbon, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 6442–6447, 2006.
Ingels, J., Van den Driessche, P., De Mesel, I., Vanhove, S., Moens, T., and Vanreusel, A.: Preferred use of bacteria over phytoplankton by deep-sea nematodes in polar regions, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 406, 121–133, 2010.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
Jahnke, R. A.: The global ocean flux of particulate organic carbon: Areal distribution and magnitude, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 71–88, 1996.
Jobstvogt, N., Hanley, N., Hynes, S., Kenter, J., and Witte, U.: Twenty thousand sterling under the sea: Estimating the value of protecting deep-sea biodiversity, Ecol. Econ., 97, 10–19, 2014.
Johnston, D. W., McDonald, M., Polovina, J., Domokos, R., Wiggins, S., and Hildebrand, J.: Temporal patterns in the acoustic signals of beaked whales at Cross Seamount, Biol. Lett., 4, 208–211, 2008.
Jones, D. O. B., Yool, A., Wei, C.-L., Henson, S. A., Ruhl, H. A., Watson, R. A., and Gehlen, M.: Global reductions in seafloor biomass in response to climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 1861–1872, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12480, 2014.
Judd, A. G., Hovland, M., Dimitrov, L. I., Garcia Gil, S., and Jukes, V.: The geological methane budget at continental margins and its influence on climate change, Geofluids, 2, 109–126, 2002.
Kato, Y., Fujinaga, K., Nakamura, K., Takaya, Y., Kitamura, K., Ohta, J., Toda, R., Nakashima, T., and Iwamori, H.: Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements, Nat. Geosci, 4, 535–539, 2011.
Kemp, D. B., Coe, A. L., Cohen, A. S., and Schwark, L.: Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic period, Nature, 437, 396–399, 2005.
Kiriakoulakis, K., Stutt, E., Rowland, S. J., Annick, V., Lampitt, R. S., and Wolff, G. A.: Controls on the organic chemical composition of settling particles in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Progr. Oceanogr., 50, 65–87, 2001.
Knight, H.: 20,000 megawatts under the sea: Oceanic steam engines. In: New Scientist, 1 March 2014, 48–51, available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129580.900-20000-megawatts-under-the-sea-oceanic-steam-engines.html, (last access: 3 March 2014), 2014.
Knittel, K. and Boetius, A.: Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane: Progress with an Unknown Process, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 63, 311–334, 2009.
Koslow, J. A.: Community structure in North Atlantic deep-sea fishes, Progr. Oceanogr., 31, 321–338, 1993.
Kube, M., Chernikova, T. N., Al-Ramahi, Y., Beloqui, A., Lopez-Cortez, N., Guazzaroni, M. E., Heipieper, H. J., Klages, S., Kotsyrbenko, O. R., Langer, I., Nechitaylo, T. Y., Lünsdorf, H., Fernández, M., Juárez, S., Ciordia, S., Singer, S., Kagan, O., Egorova, O., Petit, P. A., Stogios, P., Kim, Y., Tchigvintsev, A., Flick, R., Denaro, R., Genovese, M., Albar, J. P., Reva, O. N., Martínez-Gomariz, M., Tran, H., Ferrer, M., Savchenko, A., Yakunin, A. F., Yakimov, M. M., Golyshina, O. V., Reinhardt, R., and Golyshin, P. N.: Genome sequence and functional genomic analysis of the oil-degrading bacterium Oleispira antarctica, Nat. Commun., 4, 2156, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3156, 2013.
Kvassnes, A. J. S. and Iversen, E.: Waste sites from mines in Norwegian Fjords, Mineralproduksjon., 3, A27–A38, 2013.
Kvenvolden, K. A.: Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change, Rev. Geoph., 31, 173–187, 1993.
Labeyrie, L. D., Duplessy, J. C., and Blanc, P. L.: Variations in mode of formation and temperature of oceanic deep waters over the past 125,000 years, Nature, 327, 477–482, https://doi.org/10.1038/327477a0, 1987.
Lam, P. and Kuypers, M. M. M.: Microbial nitrogen cycling processes in oxygen minimum zones, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 317–345, 2011.
Laverock, B., Gilbert, J., Tait, K., Osborn, A. M., and Widdicombe, S.: Bioturbation: impact on the marine nitrogen cycle, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 39, 315–320, https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0390315, 2011.
Leduc, D., Rowden, A. A., Bowden, D. A., Probert, P. K., Pilditch, C. A., and Nodder, S. D.: Unimodal relationship between biomass and species richness of deep-sea nematodes: implications for the link between productivity and diversity, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 454, 53–64, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09609, 2012.
Lessard-Pilon, S. A., Podowski, E. L., Cordes, E. E., and Fisher, C. R.: Megafauna community composition associated with Lophelia pertusa colonies in the Gulf of Mexico, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1882–1890, 2010.
Levin, L. A.: Interactions between metazoans and large, agglutinating protozoans: implications for the community structure of deep-sea benthos, Am. Zool., 31, 886–900, 1991.
Levin, L. A.: Oxygen minimum zone benthos: adaptation and community response to hypoxia, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 41, 1–45, 2003.
Levin, L. A. and Dayton, P. K.: Ecological theory and continental margins: Where shallow meets deep, Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 606–617, 2009.
Levin, L. A. and Michener, R. H.: Isotopic evidence for chemosynthesis-based nutrition of macrobenthos: the lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1336–1345, 2002.
Levin, L., Blair, N., DeMaster, D., Plaia, G., Fornes, W., Martin, C., and Thomas, C.: Rapid subduction of organic matter by maldanid polychaetes on the North Carolina slope, J. Mar. Res., 55, 595–611, 1997.
Levin, L. A., James, D. W., Martin, C. M., Rathburn, A. E., Harris, L. H., and Michener, R. H.: Do methane seeps support distinct macrofaunal assemblages? Observations on community structure and nutrition from the northern California slope and shelf, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 208, 21–39, 2000.
Levin, L. A., Etter, R. J., Rex, M. A., Gooday, A. J., Smith, C. R., Pineda, J., Stuart, C. T., Hessler, R. R., and Pawson, D.: Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Sys., 32, 51–93, 2001.
Levin, L. A., Mendoza, G. F., Gonzalez, J. P., Thurber, A. R., and Cordes, E. E.: Diversity of bathyal macrofauna on the Northeastern Pacific Margin: the influence of methane seeps and oxygen minimum zones, Mar. Ecol., 31, 94–110, 2010.
Levin, L. A., Liu, K.-K., Emeis, K.-C., Breitburg, D.L., Cloern, J., Deutsch, C., Giani, M., Goffart, A., Hofmann, E. E., Lachkar, Z., Limburg, K., Liu, S.-M., Montes, E., Naqvi, W., Ragueneau, O., Rabouille, C., Sarkar, S. K., Swaney, D. P., Wassman, P., and Wishner, K. F.: Comparative biogeochemistry-ecosystem-human interactions on dynamic continental margins, J. Mar. Syst., in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.04.016, 2014.
Liquete, C., Piroddi, C., Drakou, E. G., Gurney, L., Katsanevakis, S., Charef, A., and Egoh, B.: Current Status and Future Prospects for the Assessment of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review, Plos One, 8, e67737, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067737, 2013.
Liu, N., Shang, F., Xi, L., and Huang, Y.: Tetroazolemycins A and B, Two New Oxazole-Thiazole Siderophores from Deep-Sea Streptomyces olivaceus FXJ8.012, Mar. Drugs, 11, 1524–1533, https://doi.org/10.3390/md11051524, 2013.
Longhurst, A. R.: Role of the marine biosphere in the global carbon cycle, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1507–1526, 1991.
Looser, R., Froescheis, O., Cailliet, G. M., Jarman, W. M., and Ballschmiter, K.: The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part II: Organochlorine pesticides in surface and deep-sea dwelling fish of the North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California), Chemosphere, 40, 661–670, 2000.
Loreau, M.: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: the mystery of the deep sea, Curr. Biol., 18, R126–R128, 2008.
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J. P., Hector, A., Hooper, D. U., Huston, M. A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., and Wardle, D. A.: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges, Science, 294, 804–808, 2001.
Lu, Z., Deng, Y., Van Nostrand, J. D., He, Z., Voordeckers, J., Zhou, A., Lee, Y.-J., Mason, O. U., Dubinsky, E. A., Chavarria, K. L., Tom, L. M., Fortney, J. L., Lamendella, R., Jansson, J. K., D'haeseleer, P., Hazen, T. C., and Zhou, J.: Microbial gene functions enriched in the Deepwater Horizon deep-sea oil plume, ISME J., 6, 451–460, 2012.
Lutz, M. J., Caldeira, K., Dunbar, R. B., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C10011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003706, 2007.
Mace, G., Bateman, I. J., Albon, S., Balmford, A., Church, A., and Winn, J.: Conceptual framework and methodology, Report to the UK National Ecosystem Assessment, 2009.
Macpherson, E., Jones, W., and Segonzac, M.: A new squat lobster family of Galatheoidea (Crustacea, Decapoda: Anomura) from the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, Zoosystema, 27, 709–723, 2005.
Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., and Broenkow, W. W.: VERTEX: Carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 267–285, 1987.
Martins, A., Tenreiro, T., Andrade, G., Gadanho, M., Chaves, S., Abrantes, M., Calado, P., Tenreiro, R., and Vieira, H.: Photoprotective Bioactivity Present in a Unique Marine Bacteria Collection from Portuguese Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents, Mar. Drugs, 11, 1506–1523, https://doi.org/10.3390/md11051506, 2013.
McLeod, R. J. and Wing, S. R.: Hagfish in the New Zealand Fjords are supported by chemoautotrophy of forest carbon, Ecology, 88, 809–816, 2007.
McLeod, R. J. and Wing, S. R.: Strong pathways for incorporation of terrestrially derived organic matter into benthic communities, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 82, 645–653, 2009.
Mengerink, K. J., Van Dover, C. L., Ardron, J., Baker, M., Escobar-Briones, E., Gjerde, K., Koslow, J. A., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Lara-Lopez, A., Squires, D., Sweetman, A. K., and Levin, L. A.: A call for deep-ocean stewardship, Science, 344, 696–698, 2014.
Middelburg, J. J.: Chemoautotrophy in the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 2011.
Millennium assessment Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Island Press, Washington DC, 2005.
Miller, R. J., Hocevar, J., Stone, R. P., and Fedorov, D. V.: Structure-forming corals and sponges and their use as fish habitat in bering sea submarine canyons, PLoS ONE 7, e33885, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033885, 2012.
Montagna, P. A., Baguley, J. G., Cooksey, C., Hartwell, I., Hyde, L. J., Hyland, J. L., Kalke, R. D., Kracker, L. M., Reuscher, M., and Rhodes, A. C.: Deep-Sea Benthic Footprint of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout, PloS ONE, 8, e70540, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070540, 2013.
Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G. B., and Worm, B.: How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?, PLoS Biol., 9, e1001127, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127, 2011.
Mora, C., Wei, C.-L., Rollo, A., Amaro, T., Baco, A. R., Billett, D., Bopp, L., Chen, Q., Collier, M., Danovaro, R., Gooday, A. J., Grupe, B. M., Halloran, P. R., Ingels, J., Jones, D. O. B., Levin, L. A., Nakano, H., Norling, K., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Rex, M., Ruhl, H. A., Smith, C. R., Sweetman, A. K., Thurber, A. R., Tjiputra, J. F., Usseglio, P., Watling, L., Wu, T., and Yasuhara, M.: Biotic and human vulnerability to projected changes in ocean biogeochemistry over the 21st century, PLoS Biol., 11, e1001682, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682, 2013.
Morato, T., Watson, R., Pitcher, T. J. and Pauly, D.: Fishing down the deep, Fish Fisher., 7, 24–34, 2006.
Morato, T., Kvile, K. Ø., Taranto, G. H., Tempera, F., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Hebbeln, D., Menezes, G. M., Wienberg, C., Santos, R. S., and Pitcher, T. J.: Seamount physiography and biology in the north-east Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 3039–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, 2013.
Morton, B.: Slaughter at sea, Mar. Poll. Bull., 46, 379–380, 2003.
Naether, D. J., Slawtschew, S., Stasik, S., Engel, M., Olzog, M., Wick, L. Y., Timmis, K. N., and Heipieper, H. J.: Adaptation of hydrocarbonoclastic Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 to alkanes and toxic organic compounds – a physiological and transcriptomic approach, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79, 4282–4293, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00694-13, 2013.
Narayanaswamy, B. E., Hughes, D. J., Howell, K. L., Davies, J., and Jacobs, C.: First observations of megafaunal communities inhabiting George Bligh Bank, Northeast Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 92, 79–86, 2013.
Nauhaus, K., Albrecht, M., Elvert, M., Boetius, A., and Widdel, F.: In vitro cell growth of marine archaeal-bacterial consortia during anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulfate, Environ. Microbiol., 9, 187–196, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01127.x, 2007.
Niemann, H., Losekann, T., de Beer, D., Elvert, M., Nadalig, T., Knittel, K., Amann, R., Sauter, E. J., Schluter, M., Klages, M., Foucher, J. P., and Boetius, A.: Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as a methane sink, Nature, 443, 854–858, 2006
Nihous, G. C.: A preliminary assessment of ocean thermal energy conversion resources, J. Energy Res. Tech., 129, 10–17, 2007.
Oleson, J. P.: Herodotus, Aristotle, and sounding weights: the deep sea as a frontier in the classical world, J. Roman Archaeol., 13, 293–310, 2000.
Olu, K., Duperret, A., Sibuet, M., Foucher, J., and Fiala-Mdioni, A.: Structure and distribution of cold seep communities along the Peruvian active margin: relationship to geological and fluid patterns, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 132, 109–125, 1996.
O'Neill, R. V.: Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!), Ecology, 82, 3275–3284, 2001.
Pailleret, M., Haga, T., Petit, P., Privé-Gill, C., Saedlou, N., Gaill, F., and Zbinden, M.: Sunken wood from the Vanuatu Islands: identification of wood substrates and preliminary description of associated fauna, Mar. Ecol., 28, 233–241, 2007.
Parada, J., Feng, X., Hauerhof, E., Suzuki, R., and Abubakar, U.: The deep sea energy park: harvesting hydrothermal energy for seabed exploration, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, 111 pp., 2012.
Paulmier, A. and Ruiz-Pino, D.: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean, Progr. Oceanogr., 80, 113–128, 2009.
Pham, C. K., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Alt, C. H. S., Amaro, T., Bergmann, M., Canals, M., Company, J. B., Davies, J., Duineveld, G., Galgani, F., Howell, K. L., Huvenne, V. A. I., Isidro, E., Jones, D. O. B., Lastras, G., Morato, T., Gomes-Pereira, J. N., Purser, A., Stewart, H., Tojeira, I., Tubau, X., Van Rooij, D., and Tyler, P. A.: Marine Litter Distribution and Density in European Seas, from the Shelves to Deep Basins, Plos One, 9, e95839, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095839, 2014.
Pichler, M.: Assesment of hydrogen – rock interactions during geological storage of CH4 – H2 mixtures, MSc thesis at Department Mineral Resources & Petroleum Engineering Chair of Reservoir Engineering, 97 pp., 2013.
Puig, P., Canals, M., Martín, J., Amblas, D., Lastras, G., Palanques, A., and Calafat, A. M.: Ploughing the deep sea floor, Nature, 489, 286–289, 2012.
Pusceddu, A., Bianchelli, S., Martín, J., Puig, P., Palanques, A., Masqué, P., Danovaro, R.,: 2014. Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., in press, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405454111, 2014.
Ramirez-Llodra, E., Brandt, A., Danovaro, R., De Mol, B., Escobar, E., German, C. R., Levin, L. A., Martinez Arbizu, P., Menot, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Smith, C. R., Tittensor, D. P., Tyler, P. A., Vanreusel, A., and Vecchione, M.: Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world's largest ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 7, 2851–2899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2851-2010, 2010.
Ramirez-Llodra, E., Tyler, P. A., Baker, M. C., Bergstad, O. A., Clark, M. R., Escobar, E., Levin, L. A., Menot, L., Rowden, A. A., Smith, C. R., and Van Dover, C. L.: Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea, PLoS ONE, 6, e22588, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022588, 2011.
Ramirez-Llodra, E., De Mol, B., Company, J. B., Coll, M., and Sardà, F.: Effects of natural and anthropogenic processes in the distribution of marine litter in the deep Mediterranean Sea, Progr. Oceanogr., 118, 273–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.027, 2013.
Reeburgh, W. S.: Oceanic Methane Biogeochemistry, Chem. Rev., 107, 486–513, 2007.
Reinthaler, T., van Aken, H. M., and Herndl, G. J.: Major contribution of autotrophy to microbial carbon cycling in the deep North Atlantic's interior, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1572–1580, 2010.
Rex, M. A. and Etter, R. J.: Deep-sea biodiversity: pattern and scale, Harvard Univ. Pr., 354 pp. 2010.
Rice, A. L., Thurston, M. H., and New, A. L.: Dense aggregations of a hexactinellid sponge, Pheronema carpenteri, in the Porcupine Seabight (Northeast Atlantic Ocean) and possible causes, Progr. Oceanogr., 24, 179–196, 1990.
Rivers, A. R., Sharma, S., Tringe, S. G., Martin, J., Joye, S. B., and Moran, M. A.: Transcriptional response of bathypelagic marine bacterioplankton to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, ISME J., 7, 2315–2329, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.129, 2013.
Roberts, C. M.: Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea, Trends Ecol. Evol., 17, 242–245, 2002.
Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A. J., and Freiwald, A.: Reefs of the deep: The biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems, Science, 312, 543–547, 2006.
Robison, B. H.: Deep pelagic biology, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 300, 253–272, 2004.
Rouse, G. W., Goffredi, S. K., and Vrijenhoek, R. C.: Osedax: Bone-Eating Marine Worms with Dwarf Males, Science, 305, 668–671, 2004.
Rowden, A. A., Clark, M. R., and Wright, I. C.: Physical characterisation and a biologically focused classification of "seamounts" in the New Zealand region, New Zealand J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 39, 1039–1059, 2005.
Ruhl, H. A., Ellena, J. A., and Smith, K. L.: Connections between climate, food limitation, and carbon cycling in abyssal sediment communities, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 17006–17011, 2008.
Sabine, C. L. and Feely, R. A.: The oceanic sink for carbon dioxide, in: Greenhouse Gas Sinks, edited by: Reay, D., Hewitt, N., Grace, J., and Smith, K., CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK, 31–49, 2007.
Sardá, R., Gil, J., Taboada, S., and Gili, J. M.: Polychaete species captured in sediment traps moored in northwestern Mediterranean submarine canyons, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 155, 1–21, 2009.
Schmittner, A.: Decline of the marine ecosystem caused by a reduction in the Atlantic overturning circulation, Nature, 434, 628–633, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03476, 2005.
Schmitz, S.: "Einfluss von Wasserstoff als Gasbegleitstoff auf Untertagespeicherung", 2011.
Sellanes, J., Pedraza-García, M. J. and Zapata-Hernández, G.: Las áreas de filtración de metano constituyen zonas de agregación del bacalao de profundidad (Dissostichus eleginoides) frente a Chile central?, Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 40, 980–991, 2012.
Serpetti, N., Gontikaki, E., Narayanaswamy, B. E., and Witte, U.: Macrofaunal community inside and outside of the Darwin Mounds Special Area of Conservation, NE Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 10, 3705–3714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3705-2013, 2013.
Shields, M. A. and Kedra, M.: A deep burrowing sipunculan of ecological and geochemical importance, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 2057–2064, 2009.
Skropeta, D.: Deep-sea natural products, Natural Product Reports 25, 1131, 2008.
Smith, C. R. and Baco, A. R.: Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 41, 311–354, 2003.
Smith, C. R., De Leo, F. C., Bernardino, A. F., Sweetman, A. K., and Arbizu, P. M.: Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change, Trends Ecol. Evol., 23, 518–528, 2008.
Smith, C. R., Grange, L. J., Honig, D. L., Naudts, L., Huber, B., Guidi, L., and Domack E.: A large population of king crabs in Palmer Deep on the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf and potential invasive impacts, P. R. Soc. B., 279, 1017–1026, 2012.
Smith, D. C., Simon, M., Alldredge, A. L., and Azam, F.: Intense hydrolytic enzyme activity on marine aggregates and implications for rapid particle dissolution, Nature 359, 139–142, 1992.
Sogin, M. L., Morrison, H. G., Huber, J. A., Welch, D. M., Huse, S. M., Neal, P. R., Arrieta, J. M., and Herndl, G. J.: Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored "rare biosphere," P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 12115–12120, 2006.
Sommer, S., Pfannkuche, O., Linke, P., Luff, R., Greinert, J., Drews, M., Gubsch, S., Pieper, M., Poser, M. and Viergutz, T.: Efficiency of the benthic filter: Biological control of the emission of dissolved methane from sediments containing shallow gas hydrates at Hydrate Ridge, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002389, 2006.
Sommer, S., Linke, P., Pfannkuche, O., Niemann, H., and Treude, T.: Benthic respiration in a seep habitat dominated by dense beds of ampharetid polychaetes at the Hikurangi Margin (New Zealand), Mar. Geol., 272, 223–232, 2010.
Strang, C., and Tran, L. U.: National Marine Educations Association, Special Report 3: The Ocean Literacy Campaign, 80 pp., 2010.
Suttle, C. A.: Viruses in the sea, Nature 437, 356–361, 2005.
Swan, B. K.: Martinez-Garcia, M., Preston, C. M., Sczyrba, A., Woyke, T., Lamy, D., Reinthaler, T., Poulton, N. J., Masland, E. D. P., Gomez, M. L., Sieracki, M. E., DeLong, E. F., Herndl, G. J., and Stepanauskas, R.: Potential for chemolithoautotrophy among ubiquitous bacteria lineages in the dark ocean, Science 333, 1296–1300, 2011.
Tavormina, P. L., Ussler, W., and Orphan, V. J.: Planktonic and Sediment-Associated Aerobic Methanotrophs in Two Seep Systems along the North American Margin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74, 3985–3995, 2008.
TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations, in: Earthscan, edited by: Kumar, P., London and Washington. 2010.
Thiel, H.: Anthropogenic impacts on the deep sea, Ecosystems of the World, 427–472, 2003.
Thistle, D., Sedlacek, L., Carman, K. R., Fleeger, J. W., Brewer, P. G., and Barry, J. P.: Simulated sequestration of industrial carbon dioxide at a deep-sea site: Effects on species of harpacticoid copepods, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 330, 151–158, 2006.
Thistle, D., Sedlacek, L., Carman, K. R., Fleeger, J. W., Brewer, P. G., and Barry, J. P.: Exposure to carbon dioxide-rich seawater is stressful for some deep-sea species: an in situ, behavioral study, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 340, 9–16, 2007.
Thornburg, C. C., Zabriskie, T. M., and McPhail, K. L.: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents: Potential Hot Spots for Natural Products Discovery?, J. Nat. Prod. 73, 489–499, 2010.
Thurber, A. R., Levin, L. A., Orphan, V. J., and Marlow, J. J.: Archaea in metazoan diets: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling, ISME J., 6, 1602–1612, 2012.
Thurber, A. R., Levin, L. A., Rowden, A. A., Sommer, S., Linke, P., and Kröger, K.: Microbes, macrofauna, and methane: A novel seep community fueled by aerobic methanotrophy, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 1640–1656, 2013.
Treude, T., Smith, C. R., Wenzhfer, F., Carney, E., Bernardino, A. F., Hannides, A. K., Krger, M., and Boetius, A.: Biogeochemistry of a deep-sea whale fall: sulfate reduction, sulfide efflux and methanogenesis, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 382, 1–21, 2009.
Treude, T., Kiel, S., Linke, P., Peckmann, J., and Goedert, J. L.: Elasmobranch egg capsules associated with modern and ancient cold seeps: A nursery for non-seep marine predators, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 437, 175–181, 2011.
Turner, R. D.: Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food chains, B. Am. Malacol. Un., 1976, 13–19, 1977.
UK National Ecosystem Assessment: The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, 2011.
Ulloa, O., Canfield, D. E., DeLong, E. F., Letelier, R. M., and Stewart, F. J.: Microbial oceanography of anoxic oxygen minimum zones, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 15996–16003, 2012.
Valentine, D. L., Kastner, M., Wardlaw, G. D., Wang, X., Purdy, A., and Bartlett, D. H.: Biogeochemical investigations of marine methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon, J. Geophys. Res., 110, G02005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000025, 2005.
Valentine, D. L., Kessler, J. D., Redmond, M. C., Mendes, S. D., Heintz, M. B., Farwell, C., Hu, L., Kinnaman, F. S., Yvon-Lewis, S., Du, M., Chan, E. W., Tigreros, F. G., and Villanueva, C. J.: Propane respiration jump-starts microbial response to a deep oil spill, Science, 330, 208–211, 2010.
Van den Hove, S. and Moreau, V.: Deep-sea Biodiversity and Ecosystems: A Scoping Report on Their Socio-economy, Management and Governanace, UNEP/Earthprint, 2007.
Van Dover, C. L.: The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2000.
Van Gaever, S., Moodley, L., Pasotti, F., Houtekamer, M., Middelburg, J. J., Danovaro, R., and Vanreusel, A.: Trophic specialisation of metazoan meiofauna at the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano: fatty acid biomarker isotope evidence, Mar. Biol., 156, 1289–1296, 2009.
Vardaro, M. F., Ruhl, H. A., and Smith, K. L.: Climate variation, carbon flux, and bioturbation in the abyssal North Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 2081–2088, 2009.
Vega, L. A.: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Primer, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 36, 25–35, 2002.
Vetter, E. W., Smith, C. R., and De Leo, F. C.: Hawaiian hotspots: enhanced megafaunal abundance and diversity in submarine canyons on the oceanic islands of Hawaii, Mar. Ecol., 31, 183–199, 2010.
Vetter, Y., Deming, J., Jumars, P., and Krieger-Brockett, B.: A predictive model of bacterial foraging by means of freely released extracellular enzymes, Microbial Ecol., 36, 75–92, 1998.
Wakeham, S. G., Lewis, C. M., Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Archaea mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane in deep euxinic waters of the Black Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 1359–1374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01220-6, 2003.
Wallace, K. J.: Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions, Biol. Conserv., 139, 235–246, 2007.
Wallmann, K. and Bialas, J.: International viewpoint and news, Environ. Earth Sci., 59, 485–487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0235-x, 2009.
Wallmann, K., Pinero, E., Burwicz, E., Haeckel, M., Hensen, C., Dale, A. W., and Ruepke, L.; The global inventory of methane hydrate in marine sediments: A theoretical approach, Energies, 5, 2449–2498, 2012.
Ward, B. B., Devol, A. H., Rich, J. J., Chang, B. X., Bulow, S. E., Naik, H., Pratihary, A., and Jayakumar, A.: Denitrification as the dominant nitrogen loss process in the Arabian Sea, Nature, 461, 78–81, 2009.
Watson, R. A. and Morato, T.: Fishing down the deep: Accounting for within-species changes in depth of fishing, Fish. Res., 140, 63–65, 2013.
Wei, C.-L., Rowe, G. T., Escobar-Briones, E., Boetius, A., Soltwedel, T., Caley, M. J., Soliman, Y., Huettmann, F., Qu, F., Yu, Z., Pitcher, C. R., Haedrich, R. L., Wicksten, M. K., Rex, M. A., Baguley, J. G., Sharma, J., Danovaro, R., MacDonald, I. R., Nunnally, C. C., Deming, J. W., Montagna, P., Lévesque, M., Weslawski, J. M., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M., Ingole, B. S., Bett, B. J., Billett, D. S. M., Yool, A., Bluhm, B. A., Iken, K., and Narayanaswamy, B. E.: Global patterns and predictions of seafloor biomass using random forests, PLoS ONE, 5, e15323, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015323, 2010.
White, H. K., Hsing, P.-Y., Cho, W., Shank, T. M., Cordes, E. E., Quattrini, A. M., Nelson, R. K., Camilli, R., Demopoulos, A. W., and German, C. R.: Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 20303–20308, 2012.
Whitman, W. B., Coleman, D. C., and Wiebe, W. J.: Prokaryotes: The unseen majority, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95, 6578–6583, 1998.
Wolff, T.: Magrofaunal utilization of plant remains in the deep sea, Sarsia, 64, 117–143, 1979.
Wu, G., Lin, A., Gu, Q., Zhu, T., and Li, D.: Four New Chloro-Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from an Antarctic Deep-Sea Derived Fungus, Penicillium sp. PR19N-1, Mar. Drugs, 11, 1399–1408, https://doi.org/10.3390/md11041399, 2013.
Wuchter, C., Abbas, B., Coolen, M. J., Herfort, L., van Bleijswijk, J., Timmers, P., Strous, M., Teira, E., Herndl, G. J., and Middelburg, J. J.: Archaeal nitrification in the ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 12317–12322, 2006.
Yeh, R.-H., Su, T.-Z., and Yang, M.-S.: Maximum output of an OTEC power plant, Ocean Eng., 32, 685–700, 2005.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint